Tle3 as a marker for chemotherapy

ABSTRACT

Methods of using TLE3 as a marker for predicting the likelihood that a patient&#39;s cancer will respond to chemotherapy. Methods of using TLE3 as a marker for selecting a chemotherapy for a cancer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/277,920, filed Nov. 25, 2008, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/991,487, filed Nov. 30, 2007, both of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

SEQUENCE LISTING

In accordance with 37 C.F.R. §1.52(e)(5), a Sequence Listing in the form of a text file (entitled “Sequence Listing.txt,” created on Oct. 13, 2009, and 90 kilobytes) is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A major challenge of cancer treatment is the selection of chemotherapies that maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity for a given patient. Assays for cell surface markers, e.g., using immunohistochemistry (IHC), have provided means for dividing certain cancers into subclasses. For example, one factor considered in prognosis and treatment decisions for breast cancer is the presence or absence of the estrogen receptor (ER). ER-positive breast cancers typically respond much more readily to hormonal therapies such as tamoxifen, which acts as an anti-estrogen in breast tissue, than ER-negative cancers. Though useful, these analyses only in part predict the clinical behavior of breast cancers. There is phenotypic diversity present in cancers that current diagnostic tools fail to detect. As a consequence, there is still much controversy over how to stratify patients amongst potential treatments in order to optimize outcome (e.g., for breast cancer see “NIH Consensus Development Conference Statement: Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer, Nov. 1-3, 2000”, J. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monographs, 30:5-15, 2001 and Di Leo et al., Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 7:245-253, 2002). In particular, there is currently no tool for predicting a patient's likely response to treatment with paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic with particularly adverse side-effects. There clearly exists a need for improved methods and reagents for classifying cancers and thereby selecting therapeutic regimens that maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity for a given patient.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have identified a correlation between the expression of TLE3 (transducin-like enhancer of split 3, Entrez Gene ID 7090) and a cancer's response to chemotherapy. This correlation has been demonstrated using TLE3 antibodies and samples from breast cancer cohorts which include both treated and untreated patients with known outcome. The inventors have also observed that binding of TLE3 antibodies in samples from treated ovarian cancer patients correlates with improved prognosis. In one aspect, the present invention therefore provides methods of using TLE3 as a marker for predicting the likelihood that a patient's cancer will respond to chemotherapy. In another aspect, the present invention provides methods of using TLE3 as a marker for deciding whether to administer chemotherapy to a cancer patient. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides methods of using TLE3 as a marker for selecting a chemotherapy for a cancer patient.

Expression of TLE3 can be detected using any known method. Thus, while the inventive methods have been exemplified by detecting TLE3 polypeptides using antibodies, in certain embodiments TLE3 polynucleotides may be detected using one or more primers as is well known in the art.

In general, TLE3 can be used in conjunction with other markers or clinical factors (e.g., stage, tumor size, node characteristics, age, etc.) to further improve the predictive power of the inventive methods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE APPENDIX

This patent application refers to material comprising a table and data presented as Appendix A immediately after the section entitled “Exemplification” and immediately before the section entitled “Other Embodiments.” Specifically, Appendix A is a table that lists a variety of markers that could be used in a panel in conjunction with the TLE3 marker in an inventive method. The table includes the antibody ID, parent gene name, Entrez Gene ID, known aliases for the parent gene, peptides that may be used in preparing antibodies and exemplary antibody titers for staining Using the parent gene name, Entrez Gene ID and/or known aliases for the parent gene, a skilled person can readily obtain the nucleotide (and corresponding amino acid) sequences for each and every one of the parent genes that are listed in Appendix A from a public database (e.g., GenBank, Swiss-Prot or any future derivative of these). The nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences for each and every one of the parent genes that are listed in Appendix A are hereby incorporated by reference from these public databases. Antibodies with IDs that begin with S5 or S6 may be obtained from commercial sources as indicated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 compares IHC images of TLE3-negative (S0643−) and TLE3-positive (S06430+) samples from breast cancer patients.

FIG. 2 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using all patients in the Huntsville Hospital (HH) breast cancer cohort after classification based on staining with an antibody raised against the TLE3 marker. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlates with improved prognosis across this breast cancer cohort (HR=0.573, p<0.004).

FIG. 3 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using all patients in the Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RP) breast cancer cohort after classification based on staining with an antibody raised against the TLE3 marker. The selected patients in the RP cohort were all triple negative for the ER (estrogen receptor, Entrez GeneID 2099), PR (progesterone receptor, Entrez GeneID 5241) and HER-2 markers (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, Entrez GeneID 2064). Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlates with improved prognosis across this breast cancer cohort (HR=0.24, p<0.011).

FIG. 4 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the HH breast cancer cohort of FIG. 1 that did not receive chemotherapy. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker loses its correlation with prognosis in breast cancer patients that did not receive chemotherapy (HR=0.788, p=0.49).

FIG. 5 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the HH breast cancer cohort of FIG. 1 that did receive chemotherapy. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, the correlation between antibody binding to the TLE3 marker and prognosis was restored in patients that did receive chemotherapy (HR=0.539, p<0.013).

FIG. 6 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort of FIG. 2 that did receive chemotherapy. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlates with improved prognosis across this subset of breast cancer patients (HR=0.194, p=0.010). These results parallel those obtained in FIG. 5 with the HH cohort.

FIG. 7 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the HH breast cancer cohort of FIG. 5 that received CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlates with improved prognosis across this subset of treated patients (HR=0.398, p<0.019).

FIG. 8 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the HH breast cancer cohort of FIG. 5 that received CA (cyclophosphamide and adriamycin) or CAF (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy (with or without a taxane). Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, the correlation between antibody binding to the TLE3 marker and prognosis loses significance in this subset of treated patients (HR=0.666, p=0.22).

FIG. 9 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the HH breast cancer cohort of FIG. 8 that received CA or CAF chemotherapy only (i.e., without a taxane). Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, there is no correlation between antibody binding to the TLE3 marker and prognosis in this subset of treated patients (HR=1.03, p=0.95).

FIG. 10 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the HH breast cancer cohort of FIG. 8 that received CA or CAF in combination with a taxane. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, the correlation between antibody binding to the TLE3 marker and prognosis was restored in this subset of treated patients (HR=0.114, p=0.038).

FIG. 11 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort of FIG. 6 that received CA chemotherapy only (i.e., without a taxane). Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, there is no correlation between antibody binding to the TLE3 marker and prognosis in this subset of treated patients (HR=0.759, p=0.81).

FIG. 12 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort of FIG. 6 that received CA in combination with a taxane. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlates with improved prognosis across this subset of treated patients (HR=0.142, p=0.011).

FIG. 13 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort of FIG. 6 that received a taxane or CMF. Some of the patients receiving a taxane also received CA. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlates with improved prognosis across this subset of treated patients (HR=0.137, p=0.011).

FIG. 14 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort of FIG. 6 that received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. The sample size was small (N=12); however, as shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker showed significant correlation with improved prognosis across this subset of treated patients when measured using the Fisher Exact Test (p=0.005).

FIGS. 15-17 show Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort of FIG. 6 that received chemotherapy. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients with stage II+ (FIG. 15), stage IIb+ (FIG. 16) and stage III+ (FIG. 17) cancers were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. In each case, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlated with improved prognosis across these subsets of treated patients. The sample size was small in the subset of FIG. 17 (N=19); however significance was obtained when measured using the Fisher Exact Test (p=0.020).

FIG. 18 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) ovarian cancer cohort. All patients received paclitaxel. Most patients also received platinum chemotherapy (carboplatin or cisplatin). Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlated with prognosis in these treated patients (HR=0.64, p<0.049).

DEFINITIONS

Binds—When an interaction partner “binds” a marker they are linked by direct non-covalent interactions.

Cancer markers—“Cancer markers” or “markers” are molecular entities that are detectable in cancer samples. Generally, markers may be polypeptides (e.g., TLE3 protein) or polynucleotides (e.g., TLE3 mRNA) that are indicative of the expression of a gene (e.g., TLE3 gene) and present within the cancer sample, e.g., within the cytoplasm or membranes of cancerous cells and/or secreted from such cells.

Cancer sample—As used herein, the term “cancer sample” or “sample” is taken broadly to include cell or tissue samples removed from a cancer patient (e.g., from a tumor, from the bloodstream, etc.), cells derived from a tumor that may be located elsewhere in the body (e.g., cells in the bloodstream or at a site of metastasis), or any material derived from such a sample. Derived material may include, for example, nucleic acids or proteins extracted from the sample, cell progeny, etc. In one embodiment, a cancer sample may be a tumor sample.

Correlation—“Correlation” refers to the degree to which one variable can be predicted from another variable, e.g., the degree to which a cancer's response to therapy can be predicted from the expression of a marker in a cancer sample. A variety of statistical methods may be used to measure correlation between two variables, e.g., without limitation the student t-test, the Fisher exact test, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Spearman correlation coefficient, the Chi squared test, etc. Results are traditionally given as a measured correlation coefficient with a p-value that provides a measure of the likelihood that the correlation arose by chance. A correlation with a p-value that is less than 0.05 is generally considered to be statistically significant. Preferred correlations have p-values that are less than 0.01, especially less than 0.001.

Hybridized—When a primer and a marker are physically “hybridized” with one another as described herein, they are non-covalently linked by base pair interactions.

Interaction partner—An “interaction partner” is an entity that binds a polypeptide marker. For example and without limitation, an interaction partner may be an antibody or a fragment thereof that binds a marker. In general, an interaction partner is said to “bind specifically” with a marker if it binds at a detectable level with the marker and does not bind detectably with unrelated molecular entities (e.g., other markers) under similar conditions. Specific association between a marker and an interaction partner will typically be dependent upon the presence of a particular structural feature of the target marker such as an antigenic determinant or epitope recognized by the interaction partner. In general, it is to be understood that specificity need not be absolute. For example, it is well known in the art that antibodies frequently cross-react with other epitopes in addition to the target epitope. Such cross-reactivity may be acceptable depending upon the application for which the interaction partner is to be used. Thus the degree of specificity of an interaction partner will depend on the context in which it is being used. In general, an interaction partner exhibits specificity for a particular marker if it favors binding with that partner above binding with other potential partners, e.g., other markers. One of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select interaction partners having a sufficient degree of specificity to perform appropriately in any given application (e.g., for detection of a target marker, for therapeutic purposes, etc.). It is also to be understood that specificity may be evaluated in the context of additional factors such as the affinity of the interaction partner for the target marker versus the affinity of the interaction partner for other potential partners, e.g., other markers. If an interaction partner exhibits a high affinity for a target marker and low affinity for non-target molecules, the interaction partner will likely be an acceptable reagent for diagnostic purposes even if it lacks specificity.

Primer—A “primer” is an oligonucleotide entity that physically hybridizes with a polynucleotide marker. In general, a primer is said to “hybridize specifically” with a marker if it hybridizes at a detectable level with the marker and does not hybridize detectably with unrelated molecular entities (e.g., other markers) under similar conditions. Specific hybridization between a marker and a primer will typically be dependent upon the presence of a particular nucleotide sequence of the target marker which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the primer. In general, it is to be understood that specificity need not be absolute. The degree of specificity of a primer will depend on the context in which it is being used. In general, a primer exhibits specificity for a particular marker if it favors hybridization with that partner above hybridization with other potential partners, e.g., other markers. One of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select primers having a sufficient degree of specificity to perform appropriately in any given application. It is also to be understood that specificity may be evaluated in the context of additional factors such as the affinity of the primer for the target marker versus the affinity of the primer for other potential partners, e.g., other markers. If a primer exhibits a high affinity for a target marker and low affinity for non-target molecules, the primer will likely be an acceptable reagent for diagnostic purposes even if it lacks specificity.

Response—The “response” of a cancer to therapy may represent any detectable change, for example at the molecular, cellular, organellar, or organismal level. For instance, tumor size, patient life expectancy, recurrence, or the length of time the patient survives, etc., are all responses. Responses can be measured in any of a variety of ways, including for example non-invasive measuring of tumor size (e.g., CT scan, image-enhanced visualization, etc.), invasive measuring of tumor size (e.g., residual tumor resection, etc.), surrogate marker measurement (e.g., serum PSA, etc.), clinical course variance (e.g., measurement of patient quality of life, time to relapse, survival time, etc.).

Small molecule—A “small molecule” is a non-polymeric molecule. A small molecule can be synthesized in a laboratory (e.g., by combinatorial synthesis) or found in nature (e.g., a natural product). A small molecule is typically characterized in that it contains several carbon-carbon bonds and has a molecular weight of less than about 1500 Da, although this characterization is not intended to be limiting for the purposes of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

As noted above, we have identified a correlation between the expression of TLE3 (transducin-like enhancer of split 3, Entrez Gene ID 7090) in a cancer sample and a cancer's response to chemotherapy. As described in the Examples, this correlation has been demonstrated using TLE3 antibodies and samples from two breast cancer cohorts which include both treated and untreated patients with known outcome. We have also shown that this predictive model is consistent when applied to samples from a cohort of treated ovarian cancer patients. We have also demonstrated the utility of TLE3 for predicting response to specific types of chemotherapies including treatments which involve the administration of cell cycle specific chemotherapeutics, e.g., methotrexate and taxanes. Since these chemotherapeutics have known utility across different cancer types, these results suggest that the inventive methods will also be useful in predicting their efficacy across different cancer types.

Predicting Response to Chemotherapy and Selecting Chemotherapy

In one aspect, the present invention provides methods of using TLE3 as a marker for predicting the likelihood that a patient's cancer will respond to chemotherapy. In general, these methods involve providing a cancer sample from a cancer patient, determining whether TLE3 is expressed in the cancer sample, and predicting the likelihood that the patient's cancer will respond to chemotherapy based upon a result of the step of determining. In one embodiment, the step of predicting comprises predicting that the patient's cancer is likely to respond to chemotherapy based upon the presence of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample. In one embodiment, the step of predicting comprises predicting that the patient's cancer is unlikely to respond to chemotherapy based upon the absence of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample.

In certain embodiments, a negative control sample is provided and the step of determining comprises detecting a level of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample and the negative control sample and comparing the level of expression of TLE3 in the cancer sample and the negative control sample. In general, the negative control sample can be any sample that does not reproducibly express TLE3. In one embodiment, the negative control sample can be a sample that does not reproducibly bind TLE3 antibodies. In one embodiment, the negative control sample can be a sample that does not reproducibly produce a detectable level of TLE3 mRNA. In one embodiment, the negative control sample can be from a patient with a TLE3-negative cancer. In one embodiment, the negative control sample can be from a patient without cancer. In certain embodiments the negative control sample may originate from the same tissue type as the cancer in question (e.g., breast tissue when considering breast cancer). In other embodiments, the negative control sample may originate from a different tissue type or even a different organism, or a cell line.

Additionally or alternatively, in certain embodiments, a positive control sample is provided and the step of determining comprises detecting a level of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample and the positive control sample and comparing the level of expression of TLE3 in the cancer sample and the positive control sample. In general, the positive control sample can be any sample that reproducibly expresses TLE3. In one embodiment, the negative control sample can be a sample that reproducibly bind TLE3 antibodies. In one embodiment, the negative control sample can be a sample that reproducibly produces a detectable level of TLE3 mRNA. In one embodiment, the positive control sample can be from a patient with a TLE3-positive cancer. In certain embodiments the positive control sample may originate from the same tissue type as the cancer in question (e.g., breast tissue when considering breast cancer). In other embodiments, the positive control sample may originate from a different tissue type or even a different organism, or cell line.

Expression of TLE3 can be determined using any known method.

In one embodiment, TLE3 polypeptides may be detected using an interaction partner that binds a TLE3 polypeptide (e.g., TLE3 protein or an antigenic fragment thereof). For example, as described below one may use a TLE3 antibody as an interaction partner and detect TLE3 expression by contacting the cancer sample with the TLE3 antibody. In such embodiments, the inventive methods may involve providing a cancer sample from a cancer patient, contacting the cancer sample with an antibody directed to TLE3, and predicting the likelihood that the patient's cancer will respond to chemotherapy based upon binding of the antibody to the cancer sample. In one embodiment, the step of predicting may comprise predicting that the patient's cancer is likely to respond to chemotherapy based upon binding of the antibody to the cancer sample. In another embodiment, the step of predicting may comprise predicting that the patient's cancer is unlikely to respond to chemotherapy based upon lack of binding of the antibody to the cancer sample.

In another embodiment, TLE3 polynucleotides may be detected using one or more primers that hybridize with a TLE3 polynucleotide (e.g., a TLE3 mRNA, cDNA or RNA). In such embodiments, the inventive methods may involve providing a cancer sample from a cancer patient, contacting the cancer sample with one or more primers that hybridize with TLE3, and predicting the likelihood that the patient's cancer will respond to chemotherapy based upon hybridization of the one or more primers to the cancer sample. In one embodiment, the step of predicting may comprise predicting that the patient's cancer is likely to respond to chemotherapy based upon hybridization of the one or more primers to the cancer sample. In another embodiment, the step of predicting may comprise predicting that the patient's cancer is unlikely to respond to chemotherapy based upon lack of hybridization of the one or more primers to the cancer sample.

In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for deciding whether to administer chemotherapy to the cancer patient based upon the likelihood that the patient's cancer will respond to chemotherapy. In one embodiment, the step of deciding comprises deciding to administer chemotherapy to the cancer patient based upon the presence of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample. In one embodiment, the step of deciding comprises deciding not to administer chemotherapy to the cancer patient based upon the absence of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides methods for selecting a chemotherapy for a cancer patient. In general, these methods comprise providing a cancer sample from a cancer patient, determining whether TLE3 is expressed in the cancer sample, and selecting a chemotherapy for the cancer patient based upon the results of the step of determining.

In one embodiment, the step of selecting comprises selecting a chemotherapy based upon the presence of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample.

As described in the Examples, we have demonstrated that TLE3 expression correlates with response to chemotherapy with methotrexate (see FIG. 7) and taxanes (see FIGS. 10, 12 and 13). Methotrexate and taxanes are thought to be cell cycle specific chemotherapeutics (e.g., see Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, IX. Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases Chapter 51. Antineoplastic Agents, 1 lth Edition, Laurence L. Brunton, editor-in-chief, John S. Lazo and Keith L. Parker, Associate Editors). Cell cycle specific chemotherapeutics exhibit their mechanism of action within a specific phase of the cell cycle in contrast to non-cell cycle specific chemotherapeutics that work equally with all phases including the resting phase (GO). Other plant alkaloids besides the taxanes have also been classified in the literature as cell cycle specific chemotherapeutics as have other antimetabolites besides methotrexate. In contrast, many alkylating agents such as cisplatin and cyclophosamide have been classified as non-cell cycle specific chemotherapeutics. Our results suggest that the predictive power of TLE3 may extend to other cell cycle specific chemotherapeutics besides methotrexate and taxanes.

In some embodiments, the inventive methods may therefore be used to select, or decide whether to administer, a cell cycle specific chemotherapeutic. In one embodiment, the inventive methods may be used to select, or decide whether to administer, an antimetabolite. In one embodiment, the inventive methods may be used to select, or decide whether to administer, a plant alkaloid. In one embodiment, the inventive methods may be used to select, or decide whether to administer, methotrexate. In another embodiment, the inventive methods may be used to select, or decide whether to administer, a taxane. In one embodiment the taxane is paclitaxel. In one embodiment the taxane is docetaxel.

In each case it will be appreciated that these chemotherapeutics may be administered alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics as is known in the art and discussed below. It will also be appreciated that the present invention encompasses methods in which the selected chemotherapeutic is a methotrexate or taxane derivative, i.e., a compound with a structure which is derived from methotrexate or a taxane. Derivatives will typically share most of the structure of the parent compound but may include different substituents, heteroatoms, ring fusions, levels of saturation, isomerism, stereoisomerism, etc. at one or more positions within the parent compound. Without limitation, the following U.S. patents describe the preparation of exemplary methotrexate derivatives that could be employed according to an inventive method: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,559,149 and 4,374,987. Without limitation, the following U.S. patents describe the preparation of exemplary taxane derivatives that could be employed according to an inventive method: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,074,945; 7,063,977; 6,906,101; 6,649,778; 6,596,880; 6,552,205; 6,531,611; 6,482,963; 6,482,850; 6,462,208; 6,455,575; 6,441,026; 6,433,180; 6,392,063; 6,369,244; 6,339,164; 6,291,690; 6,268,381; 6,239,167; 6,218,553; 6,214,863; 6,201,140; 6,191,290; 6,187,916; 6,162,920; 6,147,234; 6,136,808; 6,114,550; 6,107,332; 6,051,600; 6,025,385; 6,011,056; 5,955,489; 5,939,567; 5,912,263; 5,908,835; 5,869,680; 5,861,515; 5,821,263; 5,763,477; 5,750,561; 5,728,687; 5,726,346; 5,726,318; 5,721,268; 5,719,177; 5,714,513; 5,714,512; 5,703,117; 5,698,582; 5,686,623; 5,677,462; 5,646,176; 5,637,723; 5,621,121; 5,616,739; 5,606,083; 5,580,899; 5,476,954; 5,403,858; 5,380,916; 5,254,703; and 5,250,722. The entire contents of each of the aforementioned patents and any other reference which is cited herein is hereby incorporated by reference.

Methotrexate acts by inhibiting the metabolism of folic acid and has been approved for the treatment of bladder cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, choriocarcinoma, head and neck cancer, leptomeningeal cancer, leukemia (acute meningeal, acute lymphoblastic, acute lymphocytic), lymphoma (Burkitt's, childhood, non-Hodgkin's), mycosis fungoides, primary unknown cancer and lymphatic sarcoma (Methotrexate in BC Cancer Agency Cancer Drug Manual, 2007). Methotrexate has also been shown to be useful for treating esophageal cancer, lung cancer and testicular cancer (Methotrexate in UpToDate, 2007). In certain embodiments, the inventive methods comprise a step of selecting, or deciding whether to administer, methotrexate in combination with one or more additional chemotherapeutics. For example, methotrexate is commonly administered to cancer patients as a combination called CMF which also includes cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil.

Taxanes are diterpenes produced by the plants of the genus Taxus. Taxanes can be obtained from natural sources or produced synthetically. Taxanes include paclitaxel (TAXOL™) and docetaxel (TAXOTERE™). Taxanes work by interfering with normal microtubule growth during cell division. In certain embodiments, the inventive methods comprise a step of selecting, or deciding whether to administer, a taxane (e.g., paclitaxel or docetaxel) in combination with one or more additional chemotherapeutics. For example, taxanes are commonly administered to cancer patients in combination with cyclophosphamide and adriamycin (doxorubicin) and optionally 5-fluorouracil (i.e., with CA or CAF).

Paclitaxel has been approved for the treatment of breast cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, lung cancer and ovarian cancer (Paclitaxel in BC Cancer Agency Cancer Drug Manual, 2007 and Mekhail and Markman, Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 3:755-66, 2002). Paclitaxel has also been shown to be useful in treating cervical cancer (pp. 1124-34 in AHFS 2005 Drug Information. Bethesda, Md.: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2005), endometrial cancer (Paclitaxel in BC Cancer Agency Cancer Drug Manual, 2007), bladder cancer (Paclitaxel in UpToDate, 2007), head and neck cancer (Paclitaxel in UpToDate, 2007), leukemia (Paclitaxel in UpToDate, 2007) and malignant melanoma (Paclitaxel in UpToDate, 2007). Side effects of paclitaxel include hypersensitivity reactions such as flushing of the face, skin rash, or shortness of breath. Patients often receive medication to prevent hypersensitivity reactions before they take paclitaxel. Paclitaxel can also cause temporary damage to the bone marrow. Bone marrow damage can cause a person to be more susceptible to infection, anemia, and bruise or bleed easily. Other side effects may include joint or muscle pain in the arms or legs; diarrhea; nausea and vomiting; numbness, burning, or tingling in the hands or feet; and loss of hair.

Docetaxel has been approved for the treatment of breast cancer (Aapro, Seminars in Oncology 25(5 Suppl 12):7-11, 1998; Nabholtz et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology 17(5):1413-24, 1999; Sjostrom et al., European Journal of Cancer 35(8):1194-201, 1999; and Burstein et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology 18(6):1212-9, 2000), non-small cell lung cancer (Fossella et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology 18(12):2354-62, 2000 and Hainsworth et al., Cancer 89(2):328-33, 2000) and ovarian cancer (Kaye et al., European Journal of Cancer 33(13):2167-70, 1997). Docetaxel has also been shown to be useful in treating esothelioma (Vorobiof et al., Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 19:578a, 2000), prostate cancer (Picus et al., Seminars in Oncology 26(5 Suppl 17):14-8, 1999 and Petrylak et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology 17(3):958-67, 1999), urothelial transitional cell cancer (Dimopoulos et al., Annals of Oncology 10(11):1385-8, 1999 and Pectasides et al., European Journal of Cancer 36(1):74-9, 2000), head and neck cancer (Docetaxel in USP DI, 2000 and Couteau et al., British Journal of Cancer 81(3):457-62, 1999) and small cell lung cancer (Smyth et al., European Journal of Cancer 30A(8):1058-60, 1994).

Our observation that improved response to chemotherapy is observed for both breast and ovarian cancer patients that are TLE3-positive suggests that the inventive methods may be useful across different cancer types. Our observation that TLE3 expression is associated with improved response to treatment with methotrexate and taxanes further suggest that the inventive methods may be applicable across cancers that respond to these chemotherapeutics. As discussed above, this includes without limitation breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, and leukemia.

In one embodiment, the inventive methods may be used with a cancer patient that has breast cancer. In one embodiment, the inventive methods may be used with a cancer patient that has ovarian cancer. In one embodiment, the inventive methods may be used with a cancer patient that has lung cancer. In one embodiment, the inventive methods may be used with a cancer patient that has bladder cancer. In one embodiment, the inventive methods may be used with a cancer patient that has gastric cancer. In one embodiment, the inventive methods may be used with a cancer patient that has head and neck cancer. In one embodiment, the inventive methods may be used with a cancer patient that has leukemia.

As demonstrated in the Examples, in one embodiment, the correlation between TLE3 expression and response to chemotherapy was observed with breast cancer patients that are triple negative for the ER (estrogen receptor, Entrez GeneID 2099), PR (progesterone receptor, Entrez GeneID 5241) and HER-2 markers (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, Entrez GeneID 2064). In certain embodiments, the inventive methods may therefore be used with breast cancer patients that belong to this class.

As demonstrated in the Examples, the correlation between TLE3 expression and response to chemotherapy was found to also exist when treatment was administered in a neoadjuvant setting. Thus, in certain embodiments, the inventive methods may be used with patients receiving chemotherapy in a neoadjuvant setting. In other embodiments, the chemotherapy may be administered in an adjuvant setting.

As demonstrated in the Examples, the correlation between TLE3 expression and response to chemotherapy was also found to be independent of stage. Thus, in certain embodiments, the inventive methods may be used with patients with a stage II+ (i.e., stage II or greater) cancer. In certain embodiments, the inventive methods may be used with patients with a stage IIb+ or a stage III+ cancer.

Detecting TLE3 Expression

As mentioned above, expression of TLE3 can be determined using any known method. In one embodiment, TLE3 expression may be determined by detecting TLE3 polypeptide markers using interaction partners (e.g., antibodies). In another embodiment, TLE3 expression may be determined by detecting TLE3 polynucleotide markers using primers.

Detecting TLE3 Polypeptide Markers

TLE3 polypeptide markers may be detected using any interaction partner that binds a TLE3 polypeptide marker (which could be a TLE3 protein or an antigenic fragment thereof). Thus, any entity that binds detectably to the TLE3 marker may be utilized as an interaction partner in accordance with the present invention, so long as it binds the marker with an appropriate combination of affinity and specificity.

Particularly preferred interaction partners are antibodies, or fragments (e.g., F(ab) fragments, F(ab′)₂ fragments, Fv fragments, or sFv fragments, etc.; see, for example, Inbar et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69:2659, 1972; Hochman et al., Biochem. 15:2706, 1976; and Ehrlich et al., Biochem. 19:4091, 1980; Huston et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879, 1998; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,091,513 and 5,132,405 to Huston et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778 to Ladner et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference). In certain embodiments, interaction partners may be selected from libraries of mutant antibodies (or fragments thereof). For example, collections of antibodies that each include different point mutations may be screened for their association with a marker of interest. Yet further, chimeric antibodies may be used as interaction partners, e.g., “humanized” or “veneered” antibodies as described in greater detail below.

When antibodies are used as interaction partners, these may be prepared by any of a variety of techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g., see Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988, see also the Examples). For example, antibodies can be produced by cell culture techniques, including the generation of monoclonal antibodies, or via transfection of antibody genes into suitable bacterial or mammalian cell hosts, in order to allow for the production of recombinant antibodies. In one technique, an “immunogen” comprising an antigenic portion of a marker of interest (or the marker itself) is initially injected into any of a wide variety of mammals (e.g., mice, rats, rabbits, sheep or goats). In this step, a marker (or an antigenic portion thereof) may serve as the immunogen without modification. Alternatively, particularly for relatively short markers, a superior immune response may be elicited if the marker is joined to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The immunogen is injected into the animal host, preferably according to a predetermined schedule incorporating one or more booster immunizations and the animals are bled periodically. Polyclonal antibodies specific for the marker may then be purified from such antisera by, for example, affinity chromatography using the marker (or an antigenic portion thereof) coupled to a suitable solid support. An exemplary method is described in the Examples.

If desired for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, monoclonal antibodies specific for TLE3 may be prepared, for example, using the technique of Kohler and Milstein, Eur. J. Immunol. 6:511, 1976 and improvements thereto. Briefly, these methods involve the preparation of immortal cell lines capable of producing antibodies having the desired specificity (i.e., reactivity with the marker of interest). Such cell lines may be produced, for example, from spleen cells obtained from an animal immunized as described above. The spleen cells are then immortalized by, for example, fusion with a myeloma cell fusion partner, preferably one that is syngeneic with the immunized animal. A variety of fusion techniques may be employed. For example, the spleen cells and myeloma cells may be combined with a nonionic detergent for a few minutes and then plated at low density on a selective medium that supports the growth of hybrid cells, but not myeloma cells. A preferred selection technique uses HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine) selection. After a sufficient time, usually about 1 to 2 weeks, colonies of hybrids are observed. Single colonies are selected and their culture supernatants tested for binding activity against the marker. Hybridomas having high reactivity and specificity are preferred.

Monoclonal antibodies may be isolated from the supernatants of growing hybridoma colonies. In addition, various techniques may be employed to enhance the yield, such as injection of the hybridoma cell line into the peritoneal cavity of a suitable vertebrate host, such as a mouse. Monoclonal antibodies may then be harvested from the ascites fluid or the blood. Contaminants may be removed from the antibodies by conventional techniques, such as chromatography, gel filtration, precipitation and extraction. TLE3 may be used in the purification process in, for example, an affinity chromatography step.

It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to using antibodies or antibody fragments as interaction partners. In particular, the present invention also encompasses the use of synthetic interaction partners that mimic the functions of antibodies. Several approaches to designing and/or identifying antibody mimics have been proposed and demonstrated (e.g., see the reviews by Hsieh-Wilson et al., Acc. Chem. Res. 29:164, 2000 and Peczuh and Hamilton, Chem. Rev. 100:2479, 2000). For example, small molecules that bind protein surfaces in a fashion similar to that of natural proteins have been identified by screening synthetic libraries of small molecules or natural product isolates (e.g., see Gallop et al., J. Med. Chem. 37:1233, 1994; Gordon et al., J. Med. Chem. 37:1385, 1994; DeWitt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:6909, 1993; Bunin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:4708, 1994; Virgilio and Ellman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:11580, 1994; Wang et al., J. Med. Chem. 38:2995, 1995; and Kick and Ellman, J. Med. Chem. 38:1427, 1995). Similarly, combinatorial approaches have been successfully applied to screen libraries of peptides and proteins for their ability to bind a range of proteins (e.g., see Cull et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:1865, 1992; Mattheakis et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:9022, 1994; Scott and Smith, Science 249:386, 1990; Devlin et al., Science 249:404, 1990; Corey et al., Gene 128:129, 1993; Bray et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 31:5811, 1990; Fodor et al., Science 251:767, 1991; Houghten et al., Nature 354:84, 1991; Lam et al., Nature 354:82, 1991; Blake and Litzi-Davis, Bioconjugate Chem. 3:510, 1992; Needels et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:10700, 1993; and Ohlmeyer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:10922, 1993). Similar approaches have also been used to study carbohydrate-protein interactions (e.g., see Oldenburg et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:5393, 1992) and polynucleotide-protein interactions (e.g., see Ellington and Szostak, Nature 346:818, 1990 and Tuerk and Gold, Science 249:505, 1990). These approaches have also been extended to study interactions between proteins and unnatural biopolymers such as oligocarbamates, oligoureas, oligosulfones, etc. (e.g., see Zuckermann et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:10646, 1992; Simon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:9367, 1992; Zuckermann et al., J. Med. Chem. 37:2678, 1994; Burgess et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34:907, 1995; and Cho et al., Science 261:1303, 1993). Yet further, alternative protein scaffolds that are loosely based around the basic fold of antibody molecules have been suggested and may be used in the preparation of inventive interaction partners (e.g., see Ku and Schultz Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:6552, 1995). Antibody mimics comprising a scaffold of a small molecule such as 3-aminomethylbenzoic acid and a substituent consisting of a single peptide loop have also been constructed. The peptide loop performs the binding function in these mimics (e.g., see Smythe et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:2725, 1994). A synthetic antibody mimic comprising multiple peptide loops built around a calixarene unit has also been described (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,380 to Hamilton et al.).

Any available strategy or system may be utilized to detect association between an interaction partner and the TLE3 marker. In certain embodiments, association can be detected by adding a detectable label to the interaction partner. In other embodiments, association can be detected by using a labeled secondary interaction partner that binds specifically with the primary interaction partner, e.g., as is well known in the art of antigen/antibody detection. The detectable label may be directly detectable or indirectly detectable, e.g., through combined action with one or more additional members of a signal producing system. Examples of directly detectable labels include radioactive, paramagnetic, fluorescent, light scattering, absorptive and colorimetric labels. Examples of indirectly detectable include chemiluminescent labels, e.g., enzymes that are capable of converting a substrate to a chromogenic product such as alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase and the like.

Once a labeled interaction partner has bound the TLE3 marker, the complex may be visualized or detected in a variety of ways, with the particular manner of detection being chosen based on the particular detectable label, where representative detection means include, e.g., scintillation counting, autoradiography, measurement of paramagnetism, fluorescence measurement, light absorption measurement, measurement of light scattering and the like.

In general, association between an interaction partner and the TLE3 marker may be assayed by contacting the interaction partner with a cancer sample that includes the marker. Depending upon the nature of the sample, appropriate methods include, but are not limited to, immunohistochemistry (IHC), radioimmunoassay, ELISA, immunoblotting and fluorescence activates cell sorting (FACS). In the case where the protein is to be detected in a tissue sample, e.g., a biopsy sample, IHC is a particularly appropriate detection method. Techniques for obtaining tissue and cell samples and performing IHC and FACS are well known in the art.

Where large numbers of samples are to be handled (e.g., when simultaneously analyzing several samples from the same patient or samples from different patients), it may be desirable to utilize arrayed and/or automated formats. In certain embodiments, tissue arrays as described in the Examples may be used. Tissue arrays may be constructed according to a variety of techniques. According to one procedure, a commercially-available mechanical device (e.g., the manual tissue arrayer MTA1 from Beecher Instruments of Sun Prairie, Wis.) is used to remove an 0.6-micron-diameter, full thickness “core” from a paraffin block (the donor block) prepared from each patient, and to insert the core into a separate paraffin block (the recipient block) in a designated location on a grid. In preferred embodiments, cores from as many as about 400 patients (or multiple cores from the same patient) can be inserted into a single recipient block; preferably, core-to-core spacing is approximately 1 mm. The resulting tissue array may be processed into thin sections for staining with interaction partners according to standard methods applicable to paraffin embedded material.

Whatever the format, and whatever the detection strategy, identification of a discriminating titer can simplify binding studies to assess the desirability of using an interaction partner. In such studies, the interaction partner is contacted with a plurality of different samples that preferably have at least one common trait (e.g., tissue of origin), and often have multiple common traits (e.g., tissue of origin, stage, microscopic characteristics, etc.). In some cases, it will be desirable to select a group of samples with at least one common trait and at least one different trait, so that a titer is determined that distinguishes the different trait. In other cases, it will be desirable to select a group of samples with no detectable different traits, so that a titer is determined that distinguishes among previously indistinguishable samples. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, however, that the present invention often will allow both of these goals to be accomplished even in studies of sample collections with varying degrees of similarity and difference.

As discussed above and in the Examples, the inventors have applied these techniques to samples from breast and ovarian cancer patients. The invention also encompasses the recognition that markers that are secreted from the cells in which they are produced may be present in serum, enabling their detection through a blood test rather than requiring a biopsy specimen. An interaction partner that binds to such markers represents a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention.

In general, the results of such an assay can be presented in any of a variety of formats. The results can be presented in a qualitative fashion. For example, the test report may indicate only whether or not the TLE3 marker was detected, perhaps also with an indication of the limits of detection. Additionally the test report may indicate the subcellular location of binding, e.g., nuclear versus cytoplasmic and/or the relative levels of binding in these different subcellular locations. The results may be presented in a semi-quantitative fashion. For example, various ranges may be defined and the ranges may be assigned a score (e.g., 0 to 5) that provides a certain degree of quantitative information. Such a score may reflect various factors, e.g., the number of cells in which the marker is detected, the intensity of the signal (which may indicate the level of expression of the marker), etc. The results may be presented in a quantitative fashion, e.g., as a percentage of cells in which the marker is detected, as a concentration, etc. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the type of output provided by a test will vary depending upon the technical limitations of the test and the biological significance associated with detection of the marker. For example, in certain circumstances a purely qualitative output (e.g., whether or not the marker is detected at a certain detection level) provides significant information. In other cases a more quantitative output (e.g., a ratio of the level of expression of the marker in two samples) is necessary.

Detecting TLE3 Polynucleotide Markers

Although in many cases detection of polypeptide markers using interaction partners such as antibodies may represent the most convenient means of determining whether TLE3 is expressed in a particular sample, the inventive methods also encompass the use of primers for the detection of polynucleotide markers. A variety of methods for detecting the presence of a particular polynucleotide marker are known in the art and may be used in the inventive methods. In general, these methods rely on hybridization between one or more primers and the polynucleotide marker.

Any available strategy or system may be utilized to detect hybridization between primers and the TLE3 polynucleotides (which could be a TLE3 mRNA, a cDNA produced by RT-PCR from mRNA, RNA produced from such cDNA, etc.). In certain embodiments, hybridization can be detected by simply adding a detectable label to the primer. In other embodiments, hybridization can be detected by using a labeled secondary primer that hybridizes specifically with the primary primer (e.g., a region of the primary primer that does not hybridize with the TLE3 marker). In yet other embodiments it may be advantageous to amplify the TLE3 marker within the cancer sample by PCR using a set of primers designed to amplify a region of the TLE3 gene. The resulting product can then be detected, e.g., using a labeled secondary primer that hybridizes with the amplified product. Those skilled in the art will appreciate variations on these embodiments.

Considerations for primer design are well known in the art and are described, for example, in Newton, et al. (eds.) PCR: Essential data Series, John Wiley & Sons; PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1995; White, et al. (eds.) PCR Protocols: Current methods and Applications, Methods in Molecular Biology, The Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., 1993. In addition, a variety of computer programs known in the art may be used to select appropriate primers.

In general, a detectable label may be directly detectable or indirectly detectable, e.g., through combined action with one or more additional members of a signal producing system. Examples of directly detectable labels include radioactive, paramagnetic, fluorescent, light scattering, absorptive and colorimetric labels. Examples of indirectly detectable include chemiluminescent labels, e.g., enzymes that are capable of converting a substrate to a chromogenic product such as alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase and the like.

Once a labeled primer has hybridized with the TLE3 marker, the complex may be visualized or detected in a variety of ways, with the particular manner of detection being chosen based on the particular detectable label, where representative detection means include, e.g., scintillation counting, autoradiography, measurement of paramagnetism, fluorescence measurement, light absorption measurement, measurement of light scattering and the like.

In general, hybridization between a primer and the TLE3 marker may be assayed by contacting the primer with a cancer sample that includes the marker. Depending upon the nature of the cancer sample, appropriate methods include, but are not limited to, microarray analysis, in situ hybridization, Northern blot, and various nucleic acid amplification techniques such as PCR, RT-PCR, quantitative PCR, the ligase chain reaction, etc.

Identification of Novel Therapies

The predictive power of TLE3 is useful according to the present invention not only to classify cancers with respect to their likely responsiveness to known therapies, but also to identify potential new therapies or therapeutic agents that could be useful in the treatment of cancer.

Indeed, TLE3 represents an attractive candidate for identification of new therapeutic agents (e.g., via screens to detect compounds or entities that bind or hybridize to the marker, preferably with at least a specified affinity and/or specificity, and/or via screens to detect compounds or entities that modulate (i.e., increase or decrease) expression, localization, modification, or activity of the marker. Thus, in one embodiment the present invention provides methods comprising steps of contacting a test compound with a cell expressing the TLE3 marker (e.g., individual engineered cells or in the context of a tissue, etc.); and determining whether the test compound modulates the expression, localization, modification, or activity of the TLE3 marker. In many instances, interaction partners or primers (e.g., antisense or RNAi primers) themselves may prove to be useful therapeutics.

Thus the present invention provides interaction partners and primers that are themselves useful therapeutic agents. For example, binding by an antibody raised against TLE3 to cancerous cells might inhibit growth of those cells. Alternatively or additionally, interaction partners defined or prepared according to the present invention could be used to deliver a therapeutic agent to a cancer cell. In particular, interaction partners (e.g., an antibody raised against TLE3) may be coupled to one or more therapeutic agents. Suitable agents in this regard include radionuclides and drugs. Preferred radionuclides include ⁹⁰Y, ¹²³I, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ²¹¹At and ²¹²Bi. Preferred drugs include chlorambucil, ifosphamide, meclorethamine, cyclophosphamide, carboplatin, cisplatin, procarbazine, decarbazine, carmustine, cytarabine, hydroxyurea, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, paclitaxel, docetaxel, thioguanine, 5-fluorouracil, actinomycin D, bleomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, etoposide, vinblastine, vincristine, L-asparginase, adrenocorticosteroids, canciclovir triphosphate, adenine arabinonucleoside triphosphate, 5-aziridinyl-4-hydroxylamino-2-nitrobenzamide, acrolein, phosphoramide mustard, 6-methylpurine, etoposide, benzoic acid mustard, cyanide and nitrogen mustard.

According to such embodiments, the therapeutic agent may be coupled with an interaction partner by direct or indirect covalent or non-covalent interactions. A direct interaction between a therapeutic agent and an interaction partner is possible when each possesses a substituent capable of reacting with the other. For example, a nucleophilic group, such as an amino or sulfhydryl group, on one may be capable of reacting with a carbonyl-containing group, such as an anhydride or an acid halide, or with an alkyl group containing a good leaving group (e.g., a halide) on the other. Indirect interactions might involve a linker group that is itself non-covalently bound to both the therapeutic agent and the interaction partner. A linker group can function as a spacer to distance an interaction partner from an agent in order to avoid interference with association capabilities. A linker group can also serve to increase the chemical reactivity of a substituent on an agent or an interaction partner and thus increase the coupling efficiency. An increase in chemical reactivity may also facilitate the use of agents, or functional groups on agents, which otherwise would not be possible.

It will be evident to those skilled in the art that a variety of bifunctional or polyfunctional reagents, both homo- and hetero-functional (such as those described in the catalog of the Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill.), may be employed as the linker group. Coupling may be effected, for example, through amino groups, carboxyl groups, sulfydryl groups or oxidized carbohydrate residues. There are numerous references describing such methodology, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,671,958, to Rodwell et al. It will further be appreciated that a therapeutic agent and an interaction partner may be coupled via non-covalent interactions, e.g., ligand/receptor type interactions. Any ligand/receptor pair with a sufficient stability and specificity to operate in the context of the invention may be employed to couple a therapeutic agent and an interaction partner. To give but an example, a therapeutic agent may be covalently linked with biotin and an interaction partner with avidin. The strong non-covalent binding of biotin to avidin would then allow for coupling of the therapeutic agent and the interaction partner. Typical ligand/receptor pairs include protein/co-factor and enzyme/substrate pairs. Besides the commonly used biotin/avidin pair, these include without limitation, biotin/streptavidin, digoxigenin/anti-digoxigenin, FK506/FK506-binding protein (FKBP), rapamycin/FKBP, cyclophilin/cyclosporin and glutathione/glutathione transferase pairs. Other suitable ligand/receptor pairs would be recognized by those skilled in the art, e.g., monoclonal antibodies paired with a epitope tag such as, without limitation, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), c-myc, FLAG® and maltose binding protein (MBP) and further those described in Kessler pp. 105-152 of Advances in Mutagenesis” Ed. by Kessler, Springer-Verlag, 1990; “Affinity Chromatography: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology)” Ed. by Pascal Baillon, Humana Press, 2000; and “Immobilized Affinity Ligand Techniques” by Hermanson et al., Academic Press, 1992.

Where a therapeutic agent is more potent when free from the interaction partner, it may be desirable to use a linker group which is cleavable during or upon internalization into a cell. A number of different cleavable linker groups have been described. The mechanisms for the intracellular release of an agent from these linker groups include cleavage by reduction of a disulfide bond (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,710 to Spitler), by irradiation of a photolabile bond (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,625,014 to Senter et al.), by hydrolysis of derivatized amino acid side chains (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,638,045 to Kohn et al.), by serum complement-mediated hydrolysis (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,671,958 to Rodwell et al.) and by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,569,789 to Blattler et al.).

In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to couple more than one therapeutic agent to an interaction partner. In one embodiment, multiple molecules of an agent are coupled to one interaction partner molecule. In another embodiment, more than one type of therapeutic agent may be coupled to one interaction partner molecule. Regardless of the particular embodiment, preparations with more than one agent may be prepared in a variety of ways. For example, more than one agent may be coupled directly to an interaction partner molecule, or linkers that provide multiple sites for attachment can be used.

Alternatively, a carrier can be used. A carrier may bear the agents in a variety of ways, including covalent bonding either directly or via a linker group. Suitable carriers include proteins such as albumins (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,234 to Kato et al.), peptides, and polysaccharides such as aminodextran (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,784 to Shih et al.). A carrier may also bear an agent by non-covalent bonding or by encapsulation, such as within a liposome vesicle (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,429,008 to Martin et al. and 4,873,088 to Mayhew et al.). Carriers specific for radionuclide agents include radiohalogenated small molecules and chelating compounds. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,735,792 to Srivastava discloses representative radiohalogenated small molecules and their synthesis. A radionuclide chelate may be formed from chelating compounds that include those containing nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the donor atoms for binding the metal, or metal oxide, radionuclide. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,562 to Davison et al. discloses representative chelating compounds and their synthesis.

When interaction partners are themselves therapeutics, it will be understood that, in many cases, any interaction partner that binds the same marker may be so used.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the therapeutic agents (whether interaction partners or otherwise) are antibodies, e.g., an antibody against the TLE3 marker. As is well known in the art, when using an antibody or fragment thereof for therapeutic purposes it may prove advantageous to use a “humanized” or “veneered” version of an antibody of interest to reduce any potential immunogenic reaction. In general, “humanized” or “veneered” antibody molecules and fragments thereof minimize unwanted immunological responses toward antihuman antibody molecules which can limit the duration and effectiveness of therapeutic applications of those moieties in human recipients.

A number of “humanized” antibody molecules comprising an antigen binding portion derived from a non-human immunoglobulin have been described in the art, including chimeric antibodies having rodent variable regions and their associated complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) fused to human constant domains (e.g., see Winter et al., Nature 349:293, 1991; Lobuglio et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86:4220, 1989; Shaw et al., J. Immunol. 138:4534, 1987; and Brown et al., Cancer Res. 47:3577, 1987), rodent CDRs grafted into a human supporting framework region (FR) prior to fusion with an appropriate human antibody constant domain (e.g., see Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323, 1988; Verhoeyen et al., Science 239:1534, 1988; and Jones et al. Nature 321:522, 1986) and rodent CDRs supported by recombinantly veneered rodent FRs (e.g., see European Patent Publication No. 519,596, published Dec. 23, 1992). It is to be understood that the invention also encompasses “fully human” antibodies produced using the XenoMouse™ technology (AbGenix Corp., Fremont, Calif.) according to the techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,181.

Yet further, so-called “veneered” antibodies may be used that include “veneered FRs”. The process of veneering involves selectively replacing FR residues from, e.g., a murine heavy or light chain variable region, with human FR residues in order to provide a xenogeneic molecule comprising an antigen binding portion which retains substantially all of the native FR protein folding structure. Veneering techniques are based on the understanding that the antigen binding characteristics of an antigen binding portion are determined primarily by the structure and relative disposition of the heavy and light chain CDR sets within the antigen-association surface (e.g., see Davies et al., Ann. Rev. Biochem. 59:439, 1990). Thus, antigen association specificity can be preserved in a humanized antibody only wherein the CDR structures, their interaction with each other and their interaction with the rest of the variable region domains are carefully maintained. By using veneering techniques, exterior (e.g., solvent-accessible) FR residues which are readily encountered by the immune system are selectively replaced with human residues to provide a hybrid molecule that comprises either a weakly immunogenic, or substantially non-immunogenic veneered surface.

Preferably, interaction partners suitable for use as therapeutics (or therapeutic agent carriers) exhibit high specificity for the target marker (e.g., TLE3) and low background binding to other markers. In certain embodiments, monoclonal antibodies are preferred for therapeutic purposes.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

As mentioned above, the present invention provides new therapies and methods for identifying these. In certain embodiments, an interaction partner or primer may be a useful therapeutic agent. Alternatively or additionally, interaction partners defined or prepared according to the present invention bind to markers (e.g., TLE3) that serve as targets for therapeutic agents. Also, inventive interaction partners may be used to deliver a therapeutic agent to a cancer cell. For example, interaction partners provided in accordance with the present invention may be coupled to one or more therapeutic agents.

The invention includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising these inventive therapeutic agents. In general, a pharmaceutical composition will include a therapeutic agent in addition to one or more inactive agents such as a sterile, biocompatible carrier including, but not limited to, sterile water, saline, buffered saline, or dextrose solution. The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered either alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents including other chemotherapeutic agents, hormones, vaccines and/or radiation therapy. By “in combination with”, here and elsewhere in the specification, it is not intended to imply that the agents must be administered at the same time or formulated for delivery together, although these methods of delivery are within the scope of the invention. In general, each agent will be administered at a dose and on a time schedule determined for that agent. Additionally, the invention encompasses the delivery of the inventive pharmaceutical compositions in combination with agents that may improve their bioavailability, reduce or modify their metabolism, inhibit their excretion, or modify their distribution within the body. Although the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used for treatment of any subject (e.g., any animal) in need thereof, they are most preferably used in the treatment of humans.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals by a variety of routes including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, or drops), bucal, or as an oral or nasal spray or aerosol. In general the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the agent (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract), the condition of the patient (e.g., whether the patient is able to tolerate oral administration), etc. At present the intravenous route is most commonly used to deliver therapeutic antibodies. However, the invention encompasses the delivery of the inventive pharmaceutical composition by any appropriate route taking into consideration likely advances in the sciences of drug delivery.

General considerations in the formulation and manufacture of pharmaceutical agents may be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19^(th) ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1995.

EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1 Raising Antibodies

This example describes a method that was employed to generate the TLE3 antibodies used in these Examples. Similar methods may be used to generate an antibody that binds to any marker of interest (e.g., to proteins that are or are derived from other markers listed in Appendix A). In some cases, antibodies may be obtained from commercial sources (e.g., Chemicon, Dako, Oncogene Research Products, NeoMarkers, etc.) or other publicly available sources (e.g., Imperial Cancer Research Technology, etc.).

Materials and Solutions

-   -   Anisole (Cat. No. A4405, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.)     -   2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)         (Cat. No. A6499, Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.)     -   Activated maleimide Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (Cat. No. 77106,         Pierce, Rockford, Ill.)     -   Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (Cat. No. 77600, Pierce, Rockford,         Ill.)     -   Phosphoric Acid (H₃PO₄) (Cat. No. P6560, Sigma)     -   Glacial Acetic Acid (Cat No. BP1185-500, Fisher)     -   EDC (EDAC) (Cat No. 341006, Calbiochem)     -   25% Glutaraldehyde (Cat No. G-5882, Sigma)     -   Glycine (Cat No. G-8898, Sigma)     -   Biotin (Cat. No. B2643, Sigma)     -   Boric acid (Cat. No. B0252, Sigma)     -   Sepharose 4B (Cat. No. 17-0120-01, LKB/Pharmacia, Uppsala,         Sweden)     -   Bovine Serum Albumin (LP) (Cat. No. 100 350, Boehringer         Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.)     -   Cyanogen bromide (Cat. No. C6388, Sigma)     -   Dialysis tubing Spectra/Por Membrane MWCO: 6-8,000 (Cat. No. 132         665, Spectrum Industries, Laguna Hills, Calif.)     -   Dimethyl formamide (DMF) (Cat. No. 22705-6, Aldrich, Milwaukee,         Wis.)     -   DIC (Cat. No. BP 592-500, Fisher)     -   Ethanedithiol (Cat. No. 39, 802-0, Aldrich)     -   Ether (Cat. No. TX 1275-3, EM Sciences)     -   Ethylenediaminetetraacetatic acid (EDTA) (Cat. No. BP 120-1,         Fisher, Springfield, N.J.)     -   1-ethyl-3-(3′ dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide, HCL (EDC) (Cat.         no. 341-006, Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.)     -   Freund's Adjuvant, complete (Cat. No. M-0638-50B, Lee         Laboratories, Grayson, Ga.)     -   Freund's Adjuvant, incomplete (Cat. No. M-0639-50B, Lee         Laboratories)     -   Fritted chromatography columns (Column part No. 12131011; Frit         Part No. 12131029, Varian Sample Preparation Products, Harbor         City, Calif.)     -   Gelatin from Bovine Skin (Cat. No. G9382, Sigma)     -   Goat anti-rabbit IgG, biotinylated (Cat. No. A 0418, Sigma)     -   HOBt (Cat. No. 01-62-0008, Calbiochem)     -   Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Cat. No. 814 393, Boehringer         Mannheim)     -   HRP-Streptavidin (Cat. No. S 5512, Sigma)     -   Hydrochloric Acid (Cat. No. 71445-500, Fisher)     -   Hydrogen Peroxide 30% w/w (Cat. No. H1009, Sigma)     -   Methanol (Cat. No. A412-20, Fisher)     -   Microtiter plates, 96 well (Cat. No. 2595, Corning-Costar,         Pleasanton, Calif.)     -   N-—Fmoc protected amino acids from Calbiochem. See '97-'98         Catalog pp. 1-45.     -   N-—Fmoc protected amino acids attached to Wang Resin from         Calbiochem. See '97-'98 Catalog pp. 161-164.     -   NMP (Cat. No. CAS 872-50-4, Burdick and Jackson, Muskegon,         Mich.)     -   Peptide (Synthesized by Research Genetics. Details given below)     -   Piperidine (Cat. No. 80640, Fluka, available through Sigma)     -   Sodium Bicarbonate (Cat. No. BP328-1, Fisher)     -   Sodium Borate (Cat. No. B9876, Sigma)     -   Sodium Carbonate (Cat. No. BP357-1, Fisher)     -   Sodium Chloride (Cat. No. BP 358-10, Fisher)     -   Sodium Hydroxide (Cat. No. SS 255-1, Fisher)     -   Streptavidin (Cat. No. 1 520, Boehringer Mannheim)     -   Thioanisole (Cat. No. T-2765, Sigma)     -   Trifluoroacetic acid (Cat. No. TX 1275-3, EM Sciences)     -   Tween-20 (Cat. No. BP 337-500, Fisher)     -   Wetbox (Rectangular Servin′ Saver™ Part No. 3862, Rubbermaid,         Wooster, Ohio)     -   BBS—Borate Buffered Saline with EDTA dissolved in distilled         water (pH 8.2 to 8.4 with HCl or NaOH), 25 mM Sodium borate         (Borax), 100 mM Boric Acid, 75 mM NaCl and 5 mM EDTA.     -   0.1 N HCl in saline as follows: concentrated HCl (8.3 ml/0.917         liter distilled water) and 0.154 M NaCl     -   Glycine (pH 2.0 and pH 3.0) dissolved in distilled water and         adjusted to the desired pH, 0.1 M glycine and 0.154 M NaCl.     -   5× Borate 1× Sodium Chloride dissolved in distilled water, 0.11         M NaCl, 60 mM Sodium Borate and 250 mM Boric Acid.     -   Substrate Buffer in distilled water adjusted to pH 4.0 with         sodium hydroxide, 50 to 100 mM Citric Acid.     -   AA solution: HOBt is dissolved in NMP (8.8 grams HOBt to 1 liter         NMP). Fmoc-N-α-amino at a concentration at 0.53 M.     -   DIC solution: 1 part DIC to 3 parts NMP.     -   Deprotecting solution: 1 part Piperidine to 3 parts DMF.     -   Reagent R: 2 parts anisole, 3 parts ethanedithiol, 5 parts         thioanisole and 90 parts trifluoroacetic acid.

Equipment

-   -   MRX Plate Reader (Dynatech, Chantilly, Va.)     -   Hamilton Eclipse (Hamilton Instruments, Reno, Nev.)     -   Beckman TJ-6 Centrifuge (Model No. TJ-6, Beckman Instruments,         Fullerton, Calif.)     -   Chart Recorder (Recorder 1 Part No. 18-1001-40, Pharmacia LKB         Biotechnology)     -   UV Monitor (Uvicord SII Part No. 18-1004-50, Pharmacia LKB         Biotechnology)     -   Amicon Stirred Cell Concentrator (Model 8400, Amicon, Beverly,         Mass.)     -   30 kD MW cut-off filter (Cat. No. YM-30 Membranes Cat. No.         13742, Amicon)     -   Multi-channel Automated Pipettor (Cat. No. 4880, Corning Costar,         Cambridge, Mass.)     -   pH Meter Corning 240 (Corning Science Products, Corning         Glassworks, Corning, N.Y.)     -   ACT396 peptide synthesizer (Advanced ChemTech, Louisville, Ky.)     -   Vacuum dryer (Box from Labconco, Kansas City, Mo. and Pump from         Alcatel, Laurel, Md.).     -   Lyophilizer (Unitop 600s1 in tandem with Freezemobile 12, both         from Virtis, Gardiner, N.Y.)

Peptide Selection

Peptide or peptides against which antibodies would be raised were selected from within the protein sequence of interest using a program that uses the Hopp/Woods method (described in Hopp and Woods, Mol. Immunol. 20:483, 1983 and Hopp and Woods, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:3824, 1981). The program uses a scanning window that identifies peptide sequences of 15-20 amino acids containing several putative antigenic epitopes as predicted by low solvent accessibility. This is in contrast to most implementations of the Hopp/Woods method, which identify single short (˜6 amino acids) presumptive antigenic epitopes. Occasionally the predicted solvent accessibility was further assessed by PHD prediction of loop structures (described in Rost and Sander, Proteins 20:216, 1994). Preferred peptide sequences display minimal similarity with additional known human proteins. Similarity was determined by performing BLASTP alignments, using a wordsize of 2 (described in Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403, 1990). All alignments given an EXPECT value less than 1000 were examined and alignments with similarities of greater than 60% or more than four residues in an exact contiguous non-gapped alignment forced those peptides to be rejected. When it was desired to target regions of proteins exposed outside the cell membrane, extracellular regions of the protein of interest were determined from the literature or as defined by predicted transmembrane domains using a hidden Markov model (described in Krogh et al., J. Mol. Biol. 305:567, 2001). When the peptide sequence was in an extracellular domain, peptides were rejected if they contained N-linked glycosylation sites. As shown in Appendix A, for the preparation of TLE3 antibodies a single peptide was used having the amino acid sequence KNHHELDHRERESSAN (SEQ ID NO. 383). Appendix A provides one to three peptide sequences that can be used in preparing antibodies against other markers.

Peptide Synthesis

The sequence of the desired peptide was provided to the peptide synthesizer. The C-terminal residue was determined and the appropriate Wang Resin was attached to the reaction vessel. The peptide or peptides were synthesized C-terminus to N-terminus by adding one amino acid at a time using a synthesis cycle. Which amino acid is added was controlled by the peptide synthesizer, which looks to the sequence of the peptide that was entered into its database. The synthesis steps were performed as follows:

Step 1—Resin Swelling: Added 2 ml DMF, incubated 30 minutes, drained DMF.

Step 2—Synthesis cycle (repeated over the length of the peptide)

-   -   2a—Deprotection: 1 ml deprotecting solution was added to the         reaction vessel and incubated for 20 minutes.     -   2b—Wash Cycle     -   2c—Coupling: 750 ml of amino acid solution (changed as the         sequence listed in the peptide synthesizer dictated) and 250 ml         of DIC solution were added to the reaction vessel. The reaction         vessel was incubated for thirty minutes and washed once. The         coupling step was repeated once.     -   2d—Wash Cycle

Step 3—Final Deprotection: Steps 2a and 2b were performed one last time.

Resins were deswelled in methanol (rinsed twice in 5 ml methanol, incubated 5 minutes in 5 ml methanol, rinsed in 5 ml methanol) and then vacuum dried.

Peptide was removed from the resin by incubating 2 hours in reagent R and then precipitated into ether. Peptide was washed in ether and then vacuum dried. Peptide was resolubilized in diH₂O, frozen and lyophilized overnight.

Conjugation of Peptide with Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin

Peptide (6 mg) was conjugated with Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH). If the selected peptide includes at least one cysteine, three aliquots (2 mg) can be dissolved in PBS (2 ml) and coupled to KLH via glutaraldehyde, EDC or maleimide activated KLH (2 mg) in 2 ml of PBS for a total volume of 4 ml. When the peptide lacks cysteine (as in the TLE3 peptide), two aliquots (3 mg) can be coupled via glutaraldehyde and EDC methods.

Maleimide coupling can be accomplished by mixing 2 mg of peptide with 2 mg of maleimide-activated KLH dissolved in PBS (4 ml) and incubating 4 hr.

EDC coupling can be accomplished by mixing 2 mg of peptide, 2 mg unmodified KLH, and 20 mg of EDC in 4 ml PBS (lowered to pH 5 by the addition of phosphoric acid), and incubating for 4 hours. The reaction is then stopped by the slow addition of 1.33 ml acetic acid (pH 4.2). When using EDC to couple 3 mg of peptide, the amounts listed above are increased by a factor of 1.5.

Glutaraldehyde coupling occurs when 2 mg of peptide are mixed with 2 mg of KLH in 0.9 ml of PBS. 0.9 ml of 0.2% glutaraldehyde in PBS is added and mixed for one hour. 0.46 ml of 1 M glycine in PBS is added and mixed for one hour. When using glutaraldehyde to couple 3 mg of peptide, the above amounts are increased by a factor of 1.5.

The conjugated aliquots were subsequently repooled, mixed for two hours, dialyzed in 1 liter PBS and lyophilized.

Immunization of Rabbits

Two New Zealand White Rabbits were injected with 250 μg (total) KLH conjugated peptide in an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant and saline in a total volume of 1 ml. 100 μg KLH conjugated peptide in an equal volume of incomplete Freund's Adjuvant and saline were then injected into three to four subcutaneous dorsal sites for a total volume of 1 ml two, six, eight and twelve weeks after the first immunization. The immunization schedule was as follows:

Day 0 Pre-immune bleed, primary immunization Day 15 1st boost Day 27 1st bleed Day 44 2nd boost Day 57 2nd bleed and 3rd boost Day 69 3rd bleed Day 84 4th boost Day 98 4th bleed

Collection of Rabbit Serum

The rabbits were bled (30 to 50 ml) from the auricular artery. The blood was allowed to clot at room temperature for 15 minutes and the serum was separated from the clot using an IEC DPR-6000 centrifuge at 5000 g. Cell-free serum was decanted gently into a clean test tube and stored at −20° C. for affinity purification.

Determination of Antibody Titer

All solutions with the exception of wash solution were added by the Hamilton Eclipse, a liquid handling dispenser. The antibody titer was determined in the rabbits using an ELISA assay with peptide on the solid phase. Flexible high binding ELISA plates were passively coated with peptide diluted in BBS (100 μl, 1 μg/well) and the plate was incubated at 4° C. in a wetbox overnight (air-tight container with moistened cotton balls). The plates were emptied and then washed three times with BBS containing 0.1% Tween-20 (BBS-TW) by repeated filling and emptying using a semi-automated plate washer. The plates were blocked by completely filling each well with BBS-TW containing 1% BSA and 0.1% gelatin (BBS-TW-BG) and incubating for 2 hours at room temperature. The plates were emptied and sera of both pre- and post-immune serum were added to wells. The first well contained sera at 1:50 in BBS. The sera were then serially titrated eleven more times across the plate at a ratio of 1:1 for a final (twelfth) dilution of 1:204,800. The plates were incubated overnight at 4° C. The plates were emptied and washed three times as described.

Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG (100 μl) was added to each microtiter plate test well and incubated for four hours at room temperature. The plates were emptied and washed three times. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated Streptavidin (100 μl diluted 1:10,000 in BBS-TW-BG) was added to each well and incubated for two hours at room temperature. The plates were emptied and washed three times. The ABTS was prepared fresh from stock by combining 10 ml of citrate buffer (0.1 M at pH 4.0), 0.2 ml of the stock solution (15 mg/ml in water) and 10 μl of 30% hydrogen peroxide. The ABTS solution (100 μl) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature. The plates were read at 414 nm, 20 minutes following the addition of substrate.

Preparation of Peptide Affinity Purification Column:

The affinity column was prepared by conjugating 5 mg of peptide to 10 ml of cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B and 5 mg of peptide to hydrazine-Sepharose 4B. Briefly, 100 μl of DMF was added to peptide (5 mg) and the mixture was vortexed until the contents were completely wetted. Water was then added (900 μl) and the contents were vortexed until the peptide dissolved. Half of the dissolved peptide (500 μl) was added to separate tubes containing 10 ml of cyanogen-bromide activated Sepharose 4B in 0.1 ml of borate buffered saline at pH 8.4 (BBS) and 10 ml of hydrazine-Sepharose 4B in 0.1 M carbonate buffer adjusted to pH 4.5 using excess EDC in citrate buffer pH 6.0. The conjugation reactions were allowed to proceed overnight at room temperature. The conjugated Sepharose was pooled and loaded onto fitted columns, washed with 10 ml of BBS, blocked with 10 ml of 1 M glycine and washed with 10 ml 0.1 M glycine adjusted to pH 2.5 with HCl and re-neutralized in BBS. The column was washed with enough volume for the optical density at 280 nm to reach baseline.

Affinity Purification of Antibodies

The peptide affinity column was attached to a UV monitor and chart recorder. The titered rabbit antiserum was thawed and pooled. The serum was diluted with one volume of BBS and allowed to flow through the columns at 10 ml per minute. The non-peptide immunoglobulins and other proteins were washed from the column with excess BBS until the optical density at 280 nm reached baseline. The columns were disconnected and the affinity purified column was eluted using a stepwise pH gradient from pH 7.0 to 1.0. The elution was monitored at 280 nm and fractions containing antibody (pH 3.0 to 1.0) were collected directly into excess 0.5 M BBS. Excess buffer (0.5 M BBS) in the collection tubes served to neutralize the antibodies collected in the acidic fractions of the pH gradient.

The entire procedure was repeated with “depleted” serum to ensure maximal recovery of antibodies. The eluted material was concentrated using a stirred cell apparatus and a membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 30 kD. The concentration of the final preparation was determined using an optical density reading at 280 nm. The concentration was determined using the following formula: mg/ml=OD₂₈₀/1.4.

It will be appreciated that in certain embodiments, additional steps may be used to purify antibodies of the invention. In particular, it may prove advantageous to repurify antibodies, e.g., against one of the peptides that was used in generating the antibodies. It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses antibodies that have been prepared with such additional purification or repurification steps. It will also be appreciated that the purification process may affect the binding between samples and the inventive antibodies.

Example 2 Preparing and Staining Tissue Arrays

This example describes a method that was employed to prepare the tissue arrays that were used in the Examples. This example also describes how the antibody staining was performed.

Tissue arrays were prepared by inserting full-thickness cores from a large number of paraffin blocks (donor blocks) that contain fragments of tissue derived from many different patients and/or different tissues or fragments of tissues from a single patient, into a virgin paraffin block (recipient block) in a grid pattern at designated locations in a grid. A standard slide of the paraffin embedded tissue (donor block) was then made which contained a thin section of the specimen amenable to H & E staining A trained pathologist, or the equivalent versed in evaluating tumor and normal tissue, designated the region of interest for sampling on the tissue array (e.g., a tumor area as opposed to stroma). A commercially available tissue arrayer from Beecher Instruments was then used to remove a core from the donor block which was then inserted into the recipient block at a designated location. The process was repeated until all donor blocks had been inserted into the recipient block. The recipient block was then thin-sectioned to yield 50-300 slides containing cores from all cases inserted into the block.

The selected antibodies were then used to perform immunohistochemical staining using the DAKO Envision+, Peroxidase IHC kit (DAKO Corp., Carpenteria, Calif.) with DAB substrate according to the manufacturer's instructions. FIG. 1 shows exemplary IHC staining images of samples that are TLE3-negative (S0643−) and TLE3-positive (S0643+).

Example 3 TLE3 Expression Correlates with Response to Chemotherapy in Cancer Patients

Tumor samples from two different breast cancer cohorts—Huntsville Hospital (HH) and Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RP)—were stained with the TLE3 antibody of Example 1. Treatment and recurrence data were available for all patients in both cohorts. FIG. 2 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using all patients in the HH cohort after classification based on staining with the TLE3 antibody. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlates with improved prognosis across this breast cancer cohort (HR=0.573, p=0.004). FIG. 3 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated in a similar fashion using all patients in the RP cohort. As with the HH cohort, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker was found to correlate with improved prognosis (HR=0.239, p=0.011).

In order to determine whether TLE3 expression is correlated with response to chemotherapy, separate Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves were generated using HH cohort patients that did or did not receive chemotherapy (FIGS. 4 and 5, respectively). As shown in FIG. 4, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker lost its correlation with prognosis in patients that did not receive chemotherapy (HR=0.788, p=0.490). However, as shown in FIG. 5, the correlation was restored in patients that did receive chemotherapy (HR=0.539, p=0.013). These results demonstrate that TLE3 expression is correlated with improved response to chemotherapy (i.e., TLE3-positive cancers are more likely to respond to chemotherapy than TLE-3 negative cancers). Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort that received chemotherapy are consistent with this prediction model (see FIG. 6, HR=0.194, p=0.010). Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the UAB ovarian cancer cohort that received chemotherapy are also consistent with this prediction model (see FIG. 18, HR=0.64, p=0.049).

Example 4 Specific Chemotherapeutic Correlations

Since different patients in the HH and RP cohorts received different types of chemotherapy we were also able to determine whether TLE3 expression correlates with response to specific types of chemotherapy.

FIG. 7 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the HH breast cancer cohort of FIG. 5 that received CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in FIG. 7, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlates with improved prognosis across this subset of treated patients (HR=0.398, p=0.019). Based on the results below which demonstrated a loss of correlation for patients in the HH cohort that were treated with CA (cyclophosphamide and adriamycin, HR=1.000) or CAF (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil, HR=1.000) we were able to establish that the predictive correlation in FIG. 7 is between TLE3 binding and treatment with methotrexate (see also FIG. 9 which combines the CA and CAF treated subsets, HR=1.030).

FIG. 8 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the HH breast cancer cohort of FIG. 5 that received CA or CAF chemotherapy (with or without a taxane). As shown in the Figure, the correlation between antibody binding to the TLE3 marker and prognosis loses significance in this subset of treated patients (HR=0.666, p=0.22). When the curves were generated using patients that received CA or CAF chemotherapy only (i.e., without a taxane) the significance was further reduced (see FIG. 9, HR=1.030, p=0.95). However, the correlation was restored in patients that received CA or CAF in combination with a taxane (see FIG. 10, HR=0.114, p=0.038). These results demonstrate a correlation between TLE3 binding and treatment with a taxane.

FIG. 11 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort of FIG. 6 that received CA chemotherapy only (i.e., without a taxane). Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, there is no correlation between antibody binding to the TLE3 marker and prognosis in this subset of treated patients (HR=0.759, p=0.81). The correlation was restored when the curves were generated using patients that received CA chemotherapy in combination with a taxane (see FIG. 12, HR=0.153, p=0.018). These results support the results of FIGS. 8 and 9 that were obtained using samples from the HH cohort.

FIG. 13 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort of FIG. 6 that received a taxane or CMF. Some of the patients receiving a taxane also received CA. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. As shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlates with improved prognosis across this subset of treated patients (HR=0.137, p=0.011).

FIG. 14 shows Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort of FIG. 6 that received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients in this subset were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. The sample size was small (N=12); however, as shown in the Figure, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker showed significant correlation with improved prognosis across this subset of treated patients when measured using the Fisher Exact Test (p=0.005). In addition, of the 12 patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, two received CA (both showed recurrence) while ten received CA with a taxane (seven showed recurrence, three did not). Notably, the three patients that did not show any recurrence were the only patients with TLE3-positive samples. These results are significant since they show that the correlation between TLE3 binding and response to chemotherapy applies irrespective of whether treatment is administered in an adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting.

FIGS. 15-17 show Kaplan-Meier recurrence curves that were generated using patients in the RP breast cancer cohort of FIG. 6 that received chemotherapy. Recurrence data from TLE3-positive and TLE3-negative patients with stage II+(FIG. 15), stage IIb+(FIG. 16) and stage III+(FIG. 17) cancers were used to generate the top and bottom curves, respectively. In each case, antibody binding to the TLE3 marker correlated with improved prognosis across these subsets of treated patients. The sample size was small in the subset of FIG. 17 (N=19); however significance was obtained when measured using the Fisher Exact Test (p=0.020). These results are of clinical importance since they demonstrate that the predictive power of the TLE3 marker is independent of stage and remains significant even in patients with the worst prognosis (e.g., stage III+patients).

Example 5 Bivariate Analysis

In order to confirm that the predictive power of TLE3 is independent of other clinical factors (e.g., age, tumor size, nodes status, necrosis, etc.) we performed bivariate statistical analysis using results from the RP breast cohort. The results are summarized in Table 1 below. As shown in the Table, prediction using TLE3 remained significant in all bivariate analyses demonstrating its independence of other clinical factors.

TABLE 1 Bivariate Analysis HR for p for Factor 1 Factor 2 N TLE3 TLE3 HR P TLE3 — 81 0.239 0.0110 — — TLE3 Age 81 0.223 0.0082 0.967 0.1200 TLE3 Tumor Size 78 0.219 0.0077 1.292 0.0002 TLE3 Nodes Met Ca¹ 79 0.252 0.0150 1.066 0.0086 TLE3 Necrosis 72 0.232 0.0100 1.903 0.2600 TLE3 Vase. Lymph Inv.² 74 0.205 0.0071 0.412 0.0790 TLE3 Stage 80 0.284 0.0280 2.063 0.0130 TLE3 Contains Tax³ 70 0.168 0.0061 2.749 0.0980 ¹Nodes found with metastatic cancer. ²Vascular lymphatic invasion. ³Taxane containing regimens.

APPENDIX A ENTREZ PEPTIDE  PEPTIDE  PEPTIDE  AGI GENE 1 (SEQ  2 (SEQ  3 (SEQ  ID GENE NAME ID ALIASES ID NO.) ID NO.) ID NO.) TITER S0011 vav 3 oncogene 10451 VAV3; VAV3 ONCOGENE; TEESINDED EKRTNGL DYISKSK 1:90- ONCOGENE VAV3; vav 3 oncogene IYKGLPDLI RRTPKQV EDVKLK  1:300 DE (1) D (2) (3) S0017 WAP four- 10406 WFDC2; WAP5; dJ461P17.6; major EKTGVCPE PNDKEGS RDQCQVD 1:25- disulfide core  epididymis-specific protein E4; LQADQNCT CPQVNIN TQCPGQM 1:500 domain 2 epididymal secretory protein E4; WAP  QE (4) (5) K (6) four-disulfide core domain 2; WAP domain containing protein HE4-V4; epididymis-specific, whey-acidic protein type, four-disulfide core;  WAP four-disulfide S0018 secretoglobin,  4250 UGB2; MGB1; SCGB2A2; SKTINPQVS DDNATTN NQTDETL 1:300- family 2A,   mammaglobin 1; secretoglobin, family KTEYKELL AIDELKE SNVEVFM 1:1000 member 2 2A, member 2 QE (7) C (8) Q (9) S0020 PPAR binding  5469 RB18A; TRIP2; PPARGBP; PBP; SSDDGIRPL DGKSKDK NKTKKKK 1:100 protein CRSP1; PPARBP; CRSP200; PEYSTEKH PPKRKKA SSRLPPE DRIP230; PPAR-BINDING KK (10) DTE  K (12) PROTEIN; PPARG binding protein; (11) PPAR binding protein; CRSP, 200-KD SUBUNIT; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-BINDING PROTEIN; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR INTERACTOR 2; RECOGN S0021 hypothetical  222256 FLJ23834; hypothetical protein KNKEPLTK KLTCTDL EVDYENP 1:200- protein  FLJ23834 KGETKTAE DSSPRSF SNLAAGN 1:2500 FLJ23834 RD (13) RYS (14) KYT (15) S0022 cytochrome   199974 CYP4Z1; cytochrome P450 4Z1; KTLQVFNP QHFAIIE RKFLAPD 1:50- P450 4Z1 cytochrome P450, family 4, sub-  LRFSRENSE CKVAVAL HSRPPQP 1:500 family Z, polypeptide 1 KIH (16) T (17) VRQ  (18) S0024 RAS-like,  85004 RERG; RAS-like, estrogen-regulated, MAKSAEV VLPLKNI YELCREV 1:900- estrogen-  growth-inhibitor KLAIFGRA LDEIKKP RRRRMVQ 1:2700 regulated, GVGK (19) KN (20) GKT (21) growth- inhibitor S0032 fatty acid  2170 MDGI; O-FABP; FABP3; FABP11; TKPTTIIEK KNTEISF HLQKWD 1:225 binding protein H-FABP; FATTY ACID-BINDING NGDILTLK KLGVEFD GQETTLV 3, muscle and  PROTEIN, SKELETAL MUSCLE; TH (22) E (23) RE (24) heart (mammary- Fatty acid-binding protein 3, muscle; derived growth fatty acid binding protein 11; FATTY inhibitor) ACID-BINDING PROTEIN, MUSCLE AND HEART; fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart (mammary-de S0036 gamma- 2568 GABRP; GAMMA- DGNDVEFT LQQMAA KRKISFAS 1:250- aminobutyric AMINOBUTYRIC ACID WLRGNDS KDRGTTK IEISSDNV 1:500 acid (GABA) A RECEPTOR, PI; GABA-A VRGLEH EVEEVS DYSD  receptor, pi RECEPTOR, PI POLYPEPTIDE; (25) (26) (27) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, pi S0037 annexin A8 244 ANX8; ANXA8; annexin VIII; QRQQIAKS REIMKAY EEYEKIAN 1:30- annexin A8 FKAQFGKD EEDYGSS KSIEDSIK 1:40 LTE (28) LEEDIQ SE (30) (29) S0039 CDNA FLJ25076  134111 similar to 3110006E14Rik protein; EGGSLVPA RKAGKSK KTHEKYG 1:50- fis, clone  CDNA FLJ25076 fis, clone CBL06117 ARQQHCTQ KSFSRKE WVTPPVS 1:30000 CBL06117 VRSRR (31) AE (32) DG (33) S0040 ATP-binding  5243 P-gp; PGY1; CLCS; ABCB1; ABC20; MDLEGDR NLEDLMS RGSQAQD 1:200- cassette, sub- CD243; GP170; MDR1; doxorubicin NGGAKKK NITNRSD RKLSTKE 1:400 family B (MDR/  resistance; colchicin sensitivity;  N (34) INDTG  A (36) TAP), member 1 P-GLYCOPROTEIN 1; multidrug (35) resistance 1; P glycoprotein 1; ATP- binding cassette sub-family B member 1; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1; ATP- bin S0041 ATP-binding  5244 MDR3; PGY3; PFIC-3; ABCB4; MDLEAAK NFSFPVN KNSQMCQ 1:60- cassette, sub- ABC21; MDR2/3; P- NGTAWRPT FSLSLLN KSLDVET 1:300 family B (MDR/  GLYCOPROTEIN 3; MULTIDRUG SAE (37) PGK  DG (39) TAP), member 4 RESISTANCE 3; P-glycoprotein- (38) 3/multiple drug resistance-3; P glycoprotein 3/multiple drug  resistance 3; ATP-binding cassette,  sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4;  ATP-binding cassette, sub S0042 ATP-binding  4363 ABCC1; MRP1; GS-X; ABC29; MALRGFCS KNWKKE DSIERRPV 1:40- cassette, sub- multidrug resistance protein; ADGSD  CAKTRKQ KDGGGTN 1:500 family C (CFTR/ MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE- (40) PVK  S (42) MRP), member 1 ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1; multiple (41) drug resistance-associated protein; multiple drug resistance protein 1; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY C, MEMBER 1; ATP- binding cassette, sub-fami S0043 ATP-binding   1244 MRP2; cMRP; CMOAT; ABCC2; MLEKFCNS SILCGTF ENNESSN 1:50- cassette, sub- ABC30; DJS; MULTIDRUG TFWNSSFL QFQTLIR NPSSIAS 1:333 family C (CFTR/ RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED DSPE (43) T (44) (45) MRP), member 2 PROTEIN 2; canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter; MULTISPECIFIC ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER, CANALICULAR; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY C, MEMBER 2; ATP- binding cassette, S0044 ATP-binding   10257 MOAT-B; MRP4; MOATB; ABCC4; QEVKPNPL DEISQRN VQDFTAF 1:20- cassette, sub- EST170205; MULTIDRUG QDANICSR RQLPSDG WDKASET 1:100 family C (CFTR/ RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED (46) KK (47) PTLQ  MRP), member 4 PROTEIN 4; MULTISPECIFIC (48) ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER B; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C, member 4; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY C, MEMBER 4; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFT S0045 ATP-binding   8714 MOAT-D; ABC31; MLP2; ABCC3; MDALCGSG RKQEKQT DPQSVER 1:2000 cassette, sub- EST90757; cMOAT2; MULTIDRUG ELGSKFWD ARHKASA KTISPG family C (CFTR/ RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED SN (49) A (50) (51) MRP), member 3 PROTEIN 3; canicular multispecific organic anion transporter; CANALICULAR MULTISPECIFIC ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 2; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY C, MEMBER 3; ATP- binding cas S0046  ATP-binding   10057 MOAT-C; ABCC5; MRP5; MKDIDIGK RDREDSK SKHESSD 1:100- cassette, sub- EST277145; ABC33; SMRP; EYIIPSPGY FRRTRPL VNCRRLE 1:450 family C (CFTR/ pABC11; MOATC; MULTIDRUG RS (52) ECQD  R (54) MRP), member 5 RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED (53) PROTEIN 5; canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter C; ATP- binding cassette, sub-family C, member 5; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY C, MEMBER 5; ATP-bi S0047 ATP-binding   368 MRP6; ARA; EST349056; ABCC6; MAAPAEPC DPGVVDS HTLVAEN 1:50 cassette, sub- MOATE; PXE; MLP1; ABC34; AGQGVWN SSSGSAA AMNAEK family C (CFTR/ ANTHRACYCLINE RESISTANCE- QTEPE  GKD  (57) MRP), member 6 ASSOCIATED PROTEIN; (55) (56) MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE- ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 6; ATP- binding cassette, sub-family C, member 6; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY C, MEMBER 6; ATP-binding cassette, S0048 ATP-binding   8647 BSEP; ABCB11; PFIC-2; SPGP; MSDSVILRS TNSSLNQ QEVLSKI 1:600 cassette, sub- PGY4; PFIC2; ABC16; SISTER OF P- IKKFGEEN NMTNGTR QHGHTII family B (MDR/ GLYCOPROTEIN; bile salt export D (58) (59) S (60) TAP), member 11 pump; progressive familial  intrahepatic cholestasis 2; ABC  member 16, MDR/TAP subfamily;  ATP-BINDING CASSETTE,  SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 11; ATP-  binding cassette, sub-fam S0049 ATP-binding   23456 MTABC2; EST20237; MABC2; M- GADDPSSV NAVASPE KPNGIYR 1:10- cassette, sub- ABC2; ABCB10; MITOCHONDRIAL TAEEIQR FPPRFNT KLMNKQS 1:25 family B (MDR/ ABC PROTEIN 2; ATP-BINDING (61) (62) FISA  TAP), member 10 CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY B, (63) MEMBER 10; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B, member 10; ATP- binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 10 S0050 transporter 1,  6890 RING4; ABC17; D6S114E; ABCB2; MASSRCPA QGGSGNP EFVGDGI 1:80 ATP- binding   TAP1; APT1; PEPTIDE PRGCR  VRR  YNNTMG cassette, sub-  TRANSPORTER PSF1; (64) (65) HVHS  family B  TRANSPORTER, ABC, MHC, 1; (66) (MDR/TAP) ABC transporter, MHC 1; antigen peptide transporter 1; peptide  supply factor 1; ABC TRANSPORTER, MHC, 1; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 2; TRANSPORTER S0052 ATP-binding   6833 SUR1; MRP8; PHHI; ABC36; MPLAFCGS DHLGKEN EIREEQC 1:25- cassette, sub- ABCC8; HRINS; sulfonylurea ENHSAAYR DVFQPKT APHEPTP 1:150 family C (CFTR/ receptor (hyperinsulinemia); (67) QFLG  QG (69) MRP), member 8 SULFONYLUREA RECEPTOR, (68) BETA-CELL HIGH-AFFINITY; ATP-binding cassette, sub- family C, member 8; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY C, MEMBER 8; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C S0053 ATP-binding  10060 ABCC9; ABC37; sulfonylurea MSLSFCGN QRVNETQ DEIGDDS 1:25- cassette, sub- receptor 2A; ATP-BINDING NISS (70) NGTNNTT WRTGESS 1:50 family C (CFTR/ CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY C, GISE  LPFE  MRP), member 9 MEMBER 9; ATP-binding cassette, (71) (72) sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 9; ATP-binding cassette, sub- family C, member 9 isoform SUR2B;  ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C, member 9 isoform S0055 integral  9445 E25B; ABRI; E3-16; FBD; BRI2; MVKVTFNS QTIEENI HDKETYK 1:450- membrane  BRICD2B; ITM2B; BRI GENE; ALAQKEAK KIFEEEE LQRRETI 1:500 protein 2B BRICHOS domain containing 2B; KDEPK  VE (74) KGIQKRE integral membrane protein 2B (73) (75) S0057 ankyrin 3,  288 ankyrin-G; ANK3; ankyrin-3, node of MAHAASQ HKKETES EGFKVKT 1:750 node of Ranvier  Ranvier; ankyrin 3 isoform 1;  LKKNRDLE DQDDEIE KKEIRHV (ankyrin G) ankyrin 3 isoform 2; ankyrin 3,  INAEE  KTDRRQ EKKSHS node of Ranvier (ankyrin G) (76) (77) (78) S0058 hypothetical  80004 FLJ21918; hypothetical protein ERALAAAQ TAGMKDL DPPRTVL 1:20 protein FLJ21918 RCHKKVM LSVFQAY QAPKEWV FLJ21918 KER (79) Q (80) CL (81) S0059 tripartite  23650 ATDC; TRIM29; tripartite motif- MEAADASR ELHLKPH EGEGLGQ 1:50- motif- containing 29; ataxia-telangiectasia SNGSSPEA LEGAAFR SLGNFKD 1:3000 containing 29 group D-associated protein;   RDAR (82) DHQ  DLLN  tripartite motif protein TRIM29  (83) (84) isoform alpha; tripartite motif  protein TRIM29 isoform beta S0059 tripartite  23650 ATDC; TRIM29; tripartite motif- ELHLKPHL N/A N/A 1:30- P2 motif- containing 29; ataxia-telangiectasia EGAAFRDH 1:90 containing 29 group D-associated protein;   Q (85) tripartite motif protein TRIM29  isoform alpha; tripartite motif  protein TRIM29 isoform beta S0063 iroquois homeo- 79191 IRX3; iroquois homeobox protein 3 GSEERGAG KIWSLAE KKLLKTA 1:200- box protein 3 RGSSGGRE TATSPDN FQPVPRR 1:1200 E (86) PRRS  PQNHLD (87) (88) S0068 RAS-like,  85004 RERG; RAS-like, estrogen-regulated, RRSSTTHV N/A N/A 1:500- estrogen-  growth-inhibitor KQAINKML 1:40000 regulated,  TKISS  growth-inhibitor (89) S0070 G protein- 26996 GPCR150; GPR160; putative G MRRKNTC NETILYF KVQIPAY 1:10- coupled receptor  protein-coupled receptor; G protein- QNFMEYFC PFSSHSS IEMNIPL 1:100 160 coupled receptor 160 ISLAF  YTVRSKK VILCQ  (90) (91) (92) S0072 S100 calcium  6279 CP-10; L1Ag; CALPROTECTIN; MLTELEKA RDDLKKL KMGVAA 1:6500- binding protein  60B8AG; S100A8; MIF; CAGA; NIF; LNSIIDVYH LETECPQ HKKSHE 1:10000 A8 (calgranulin  MRP8; MA387; CFAG; CGLA K (93) YIRKKGA ESHKE  A) S100A8/S100A9 COMPLEX; cystic D (94) (95) fibrosis antigen; S100 calcium- binding protein A8; S100 calcium  binding protein A8 (calgranulin A) S0073 forkhead box A1 3169 HNF3A; MGC33105; TCF3A; PESRKDPS HGLAPHE EQQHKLD 1:100- FOXA1; forkhead box A1; GASNPSAD SQLHLKG FKAYEQA 1:2700 HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR S (96) D (97) LQYS  3-ALPHA; hepatocyte nuclear factor  (98) 3, alpha S0073 forkhead box A1 3169 HNF3A; MGC33105; TCF3A; HGLAPHES N/A N/A 1:50- P2 FOXA1; forkhead box Al; QLHLKGD 1:450 HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR (99) 3-ALPHA; hepatocyte nuclear factor  3, alpha S0074 trefoil factor  7033 TFF3; trefoil factor 3 (intestinal); EEYVGLSA RVDCGYP VPWCFKP 1:2500- 3 (intestinal) trefoil factor 3, HITF, human  NQCAVPAK HVTPKEC LQEAECT 1:30000 intestinal trefoil factor DRVD (100) N (101) F (102) S0074 trefoil factor  7033 TFF3; trefoil factor 3 (intestinal); VPWCFKPL N/A N/A 1:400- P3 3 (intestinal) trefoil factor 3, HITF, human  QEAECTF 1:810 intestinal trefoil factor (103) S0076 keratin 17 3872 PC2; PCHC1; KRT17; K17; KKEPVTTR QDGKVIS SSSIKGS 1:200 x1 CYTOKERATIN 17; keratin 17 QVRTIVEE SREQVHQ SGLGGGS (104) TTR  S (106) (105) S0078 kynureninase  8942 3.7.1.3; XANTHURENICACIDURIA; DEEDKLRH KPREGEE EERGCQL 1:180- (L-kynurenine  KYNU; FRECFYIPK TLRIEDI TITFSVP 1:200 hydrolase) HYDROXYKYNURENINURIA; IQD (107) LEVIEKE NKDVFQE KYNURENINASE DEFICIENCY; (108) (109) XANTHURENIC ACIDURIA; kynureninase (L-kynurenine hydrolase) S0079 solute carrier  25800 SLC39A6; LIV-1 protein, estrogen DHNHAASG EEPAMEM QRYSREE 1:200- family 39 (zinc  regulated; solute carrier family 39 KNKRKALC KRGPLFS LKDAGVA 1:800 transporter), (zinc transporter), member 6; solute PDHD  HLSSQNI TL  member 6 carrier family 39 (metal ion (110) (111) (112) transporter), member 6 S0081 N-acetyl-  9 AAC1; 2.3.1.5; NAT 1; arylamine N- MDIEAYLE QMWQPLE FNISLQR 1:10- transferase 1  acetyltransferase-1; ACETYL- RIGYKKSR LISGKDQ KLVPKHG 1:240 (arylamine N- CoA: ARYLAMINE N- NKLDLE PQVPCVF DRFFTI acetyl- ACETYLTRANSFERASE; (113) R (114) (115) transferase) ARYLAMINE N- ACETYLTRANSFERASE 1; N- acetyltransferase 1 (arylamine N- acetyltransferase); arylamide  acetylase 1 (N-acetyltransferase 1) S0086 X-box binding  7494 XBP2; TREB5; XBP1; X-box-binding RQRLTHLS EKTHGLV QPPFLCQ 1:180- protein 1 protein-1; X BOX-BINDING PEEKALRR VENQELR WGRHQPS 1:400 PROTEIN 1; X BOX-BINDING KLKNR QRLGMD WKPLMN PROTEIN 2; X-box binding protein 1 (116) (117) (118) S0088 claudin 10 9071 CPETRL3; OSP-L; CLDN10; claudin NKITTEFFD FSISDNN EDFKTTN 1:333- 10; claudin 10 isoform a; claudin 10 PLFVEQK KTPRYTY PSKQFDK 1:1000 isoform b (119) NGAT  NAYV (120) (121) S0090 sparc/ 9806 KIAA0275; testican-2; SPOCK2; EGDAKGLK EWCFCFW EEEGEAG 1:100- osteonectin, TESTICAN 2; EGETPGNF REKPPCL EADDGGY 1:800 cwcv and kazal-  SPARC/OSTEONECTIN, CWCV, MEDE  AELER IW  like domains AND KAZAL-LIKE DOMAINS (122) (123) (124) proteoglycan PROTEOGLYCAN 2; (testican) 2 sparc/osteonectin, cwcv and  kazal-like domains proteoglycan  (testican) 2 S0091 lipocalin 2  3934 UTEROCALIN; NGAL; LCN2; DKDPQKM KKCDYWI ENFIRFS 1:100 (oncogene 24p3) NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE- YATIYE RTFVPGC KYLGLPE ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN; (125) Q (126) N (127) ONCOGENIC LIPOCALIN 24P3; lipocalin 2 (oncogene 24p3) S0092 paired box gene  7849 PAX8; paired box gene 8; paired box DDSDQDSC RQHYPEA NTPLGRN 1:30- 8 gene 8 isoform PAX8C; paired box RLSIDSQ YASPSHT LSTHQTY 1:100 gene 8 isoform PAX8D; paired box (128) K (129) PVVAD gene 8 isoform PAX8E; paired box (130) gene 8 isoform PAX8A; paired box gene 8 isoform PAX8B; PAIRED DOMAIN GENE 8 PAX8/PPARG FUSION GENE S0093 mesothelin 10232 CAK1; SMR; MSLN; mesothelin; RLVSCPGP KMSPEDI SPEELSS 1:500 MEGAKARYOCYTE- LDQDQQE RKWNVTS VPPSSIW POTENTIATING FACTOR; (131) LETLK  AVRPQD  SOLUBLE MPF/MESOTHELIN- (132) (133) RELATED PROTEIN; mesothelin isoform 2 precursor; mesothelin isoform 1 precursor; megakaryocyte potentiating factor precursor; ANTIGEN RECOGNIZED BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY S0094 kallikrein 6   5653 Bssp; PRSS18; KLK6; Klk7; SP59; EEQNKLVH ELIQPLP GKTADGD 1:150- (neurosin, zyme) PRSS9; MGC9355; protease M; GGPCDKTS LERDCSA FPDTIQC 1:300 kallikrein 6 preproprotein; pro-  H (134) NT  (136) tease, serine, 18; protease,   (135) serine, 9; kallikrein 6  (neurosin, zyme) S0095 Rap guanine 10411 bcm910; MGC21410; REQWPERR KVNSAGD QQLKVID 1:250- nucleotide  9330170P05Rik; EPAC; RAPGEF3; RCHRLENG AIGLQPD NQRELSR 1:1000 exchange factor  cAMP-GEFI; RAP guanine- CGNA  AR  LSRELE (GEF) 3 nucleotide-exchange factor 3; (137) (139) (140) EXCHANGE PROTEIN ACTIVATED BY cAMP; RAP guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) 3; cAMP-REGULATED GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTOR I; RAP GUANINE NUCLE S0096 ATPase, H+ 525 Vma2; VPP3; ATP6V1B1; RTA1B; REHMQAV KKSKAVL DEFYSRE 1:100- transporting, 3.6.3.14; VATB; ATP6B1; V-ATPase TRNYITHPR DYHDDN GRLQDLA 1:800 lysosomal 56/58  B1 subunit; H+-ATPase beta 1 (141) (142) PDTAL kDa, V1   subunit; H(+)-transporting two- (143) subunit B,  sector ATPase, 58 kD subunit;  isoform 1 (Renal vacuolar proton pump, subunit 3; tubular acidosis  endomembrane proton pump 58 kDa with deafness) subunit; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysos S0097 frizzled homolog 8325 FZ-8; hFZ8; FZD8; frizzled 8;   KQQDGPTK ELRVLSK RRGGEGG 1:100- 8 (Drosophila) frizzled homolog 8 (Drosophila);  THKLEKLM ANAIVPG EENPSAA 1:500 FRIZZLED, DROSOPHILA, HOMOLOG OF, 8 IR (144) LSGGE KGHLMG (145) (146) S0099 histone 1, H2ba 255626 HIST1H2BA; histone 1, H2ba MPEVSSKG GFKKAVV KEGKKRK 1:333- ATISKK KTQK RTRKE 1:500 (147) (148) (149) S0110 hypothetical  84259 MGC2714; hypothetical protein RYAFDFAR SVFYQYL EDGAWPV 1:500- protein MGC2714 DKDQRSLD EQSKYRV LLDEFVE 1:2500 MGC2714 ID (150) MNKDQ WQKVRQ (151) TS  (152) S0117 reproduction 8 7993 D8S2298E; REPS; reproduction 8; SFKSPQVY RKKQQEA EDIGITV 1:200- Reproduction/chromosome 8 LKEEEEKN QGEKASR DTVLILE 1:375 EKR (153) YIE  EKEQTN  (154) (155) S0119 slit homolog 1 6585 SLIT3; MEGF4; SLIL1; Slit-1; SLIT1;  KAFRGATD DFRCEEG DGTSFAE 1:900 (Drosophila) slit homolog 1 (Drosophila); SLIT, LKNLRLDK QEEGGCL EVEKPTK DROSOPHILA, HOMOLOG OF, 1; NQ (156) PRPQ  CGCALCA MULTIPLE EPIDERMAL GROWTH (157) (158) FACTOR-LIKE DOMAINS 4 S0122 leucyl-tRNA 23395 6.1.1.4; MGC26121; KIAA0028; QRIKEQAS HAKTKEK KSPQPQL 1:150 synthetase 2, LEURS; LARS2; leucine translase; KISEADKS LEVTWEK LSNKEKA mitochondrial leucine-tRNA ligase; LEUCYL-tRNA KPKF  MSKSKHN EARK  SYNTHETASE, MITOCHONDRIAL; (159) (160) (161) leucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial; leucyl-tRNA  synthetase 2, mitochondrial pre- cursor S0123 homeo box D4 3233 HOX4B; HOXD4; HHO.C13; HOX- MLFEQGQQ KDQKAKG HSSQGRL 1:100- 5.1; HOMEOBOX D4; HOMEOBOX ALELPECT ILHSPAS PEAPKLT 1:500 4B; HOMEOBOX X; homeo box D4; (162) QSPERS HL  homeobox protein Hox-D4; Hox-4.2, (163) (164) mouse, homolog of homeo box X S0124 sphingosine-1- 8879 KIAA1252; SPL; SGPL1; KRGARRGG KIVRVPL QFLKDIR 1:990- phosphate lyase  sphingosine-l-phosphate lyase 1 WKRKMPS TKMMEVD ESVTQIM 1:1500 1 TDL (165) VR  KNPKA (166) (167) S0126 HBxAg trans- 55789 XTP1; HBxAg transactivated protein  SKQGVVIL VQTFSRC LKKPFQP 1:450- activated 1 DDKSKELP ILCSKDE FQRTRSF 1:1600 protein 1 HW (168) VDLDEL RM  (169) (170) S0132 SRY (sex  6662 SRA1; CMD1; CMPD1; SOX9; SRY- MNLLDPFM NTFPKGE KNGQAEA 1:100- determining   BOX 9; transcription factor SOX9; KMTDEQEK PDLKKES EEATEQT 1:500 region Y)-box 9  SRY-RELATED HMG-BOX GENE GLS (171) EEDK  HISPN (campomelic 9; SEX REVERSAL, AUTOSOMAL, (172) (173) dysplasia,  1; SRY (sex-determining region Y)- autosomal box 9 protein; SRY (sex-determining sex-reversal) region Y)-box 9 (campomelic dysplasia, autosomal sex-reversal); SRY ( S0137 cadherin, EGF  1952 Flamingo1; CELSR2; EGFL2; QASSLRLEP ELKGFAE RSGKSQP 1:1800- LAG seven- KIAA0279; MEGF3; CDHF10; EGF- GRANDGD RLQRNES SYIPFLL 1:5000 pass G-type  like-domain, multiple 2; epidermal WH (174) GLDSGR REE  receptor 2  growth factor-like 2; multiple (175) (176) (flamingo  epidermal growth factor-like domains homolog, 3; cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G- Drosophila) type receptor 2; cadherin, EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2 S0139 gamma-glutamyl 8836 3.4.19.9; GGH; gamma-glutamyl RRSDYAKV KNFTMNE EFFVNEA 1:2500- hydrolase  hydrolase precursor; gamma-glutamyl  AKIFYNLSI KLKKFFN RKNNHHF 1:30000 (conjugase,  hydrolase (conjugase, QSFDD VLTTN KSESEE folylpoly- folylpolygammaglutamyl hydrolase) (177) (178) (179) gammagluta myl hydrolase) S0140 bullous  667 BP240; FLJ13425; FLJ32235; KNTQAAEA QENQPEN KQMEKDL 1:250- pemphigoid   FLJ21489; FLJ30627; CATX-15; LVKLYETK SKTLATQ AFQKQVA 1:20000 antigen 1,  KIAA0728; BPAG1; dystonin; LCE (180) LNQ  EKQLK 230/240 kDa hemidesmosomal plaque protein; (181) (182) bullous pemphigoid antigen 1, 230/240 kDa; bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (230/240 kD); bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 isoform 1cA precursor; bullo S0143 fatty acid  2194 2.3.1.85; OA-519; FASN; MGC14367;  EFVEQLRK DRHPQAL REVRQLT 1:5000- synthase MGC15706; fatty acid synthase EGVFAKEV EAAQAEL LRKLQEL 1:30000 R (183) QQHD SSKADE (184) (185) S0143 fatty acid  2194 2.3.1.85; OA-519; FASN; MGC14367;  REVRQLTL N/A N/A 1:200- P3 synthase MGC15706; fatty acid synthase RKLQELSS 1:630 KADE (186) S0144 matrix 4323 MMP-X1; 3.4.24.-; MMP14; AYIREGHE DEASLEP RGSFMGS 1:500- metallopro-  MTMMP1; MT1-MMP ; membrane- KQADIMIFF GYPKHIK DEVFTYF 1:20000 teinase 14 type-1 matrix metalloproteinase; AE (187) ELGR  YK  (membrane- matrix metalloproteinase 14 (188) (189) inserted) preproprotein; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 14, MEMBRANE-TYPE; matrix metalloproteinase 14 (membrane- inserted); membrane-type matrix metalloprotein S0147 cystatin A   1475 STF1; CSTA; STFA; cystatin AS; MIPGGLSE NETYGKL DLVLTGY 1:100- (stefin A) cystatin A (stefin A) AKPATPEIQ EAVQYKT QVDKNKD 1:5000 EIV (190) Q (191) DELTGF (192) S0149 transient  55503 TRPV6; ECAC2; CAT1; CATL; RQEHCMSE QGHKWG RACGKRV 1:400- receptor CALCIUM TRANSPORTER 1; HFKNRPAC ESPSQGT SEGDRNG 1:20000 potential cation CALCIUM TRANSPORTER-LIKE LGAR  QAGAGK SGGGKW channel, PROTEIN; EPITHELIAL CALCIUM (193) (194) G (195) subfamily CHANNEL 2; transient receptor V, member 6 potential cation channel, subfamily  V, member 6 S0156 fatty acid  2173 B-FABP; FABP7; FABPB; MRG; MVEAFCAT QVGNVTK KVVIRTL 1:100- binding  mammary-derived growth inhibitor- WKLTNSQN PTVIISQ STFKNTE 1:20000 protein related; FATTY ACID-BINDING (196) E (197) (198) 7, brain PROTEIN 7; FATTY ACID- BINDING PROTEIN, BRAIN; fatty acid binding protein 7, brain S0158 cadherin 3, type 1001 CDHP; HJMD; PCAD; CDH3; RAVFREAE QEPALFS QKYEAHV 1:150- 1, P-cadherin  placental cadherin; CADHERIN, VTLEAGGA DTNDDFT PENAVGH 1:2000 (placental) PLACENTAL; cadherin 3, P-cadherin   EQE  VRN  E (201) (placental); calcium- (199) (200) dependent adhesion protein,  placental; cadherin  3, type 1   preproprotein; cadherin 3, type 1, P-cadherin (placental) S0165 chemokine (C-X-C 2919 MGSA-a; NAP-3; CXCL1; SCYB1; KKIIEKML N/A N/A 1:100- motif) ligand 1 GROa; GRO1, FORMERLY; GRO NSDKSN 1:500 (melanoma growth PROTEIN, ALPHA; GRO1 (202) stimulating  ONCOGENE, FORMERLY; activity, alpha) MELANOMA GROWTH STIMULATORY ACTIVITY, ALPHA; GRO1 oncogene (melanoma growth-stimulating activity); CHEMOKINE, CXC MOTIF, LIGAND 1; GRO1 oncogene (melanoma grow S0171 baculoviral IAP null BIRC5; baculoviral IAP repeat- GKPGNQNS QAEAPLV NCFLTER 1:22500- repeat-  containing 5 (survivin) KNEPPKKR PLSRQNK KAQPDE 1:30000 containing ERER  (204) (205) 5 (survivin) (203) S0193 procollagen-  5352 PLOD2; LYSYL HYDROXYLASE 2; EFDTVDLS NKEVYHE KQVDLEN 1:20000 lysine,  LYSINE HYDROXYLASE 2; AVDVHPN KDIKVFF VWLDFIR 2-oxoglutarate  PROCOLLAGEN-LYSINE, 2- (206) DKAK  E (208) 5-dioxygenase OXOGLUTARATE 5- (207) (lysine DIOXYGENASE 2; procollagen- hydroxylase) 2 lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase (lysine hydroxylase) 2; procollagen- lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase (lysine hydroxylase) 2 isoform S0202 PTK7 protein  5754 PTK7; CCK4; protein-tyrosine kinase LKKPQDSQ KAKRLQK KDRPSFS 1:500- tyrosine kinase  PTK7; colon carcinoma kinase-4; LEEGKPGY QPEGEEP EIASALG 1:800 7 PTK7 protein tyrosine kinase 7; PTK7 LD (209) EME  DSTVDSK protein tyrosine kinase 7 isoform e (210) P (211) precursor; PTK7 protein tyrosine kinase 7 isoform a precursor; PTK7 protein tyrosine kinase 7 isoform d precursor; S0211 cytochrome P450, 1549 CYPIIA7; P450-IIA4; 1.14.14.1; KRGIEERIQ DRVIGKN NPQHFLD 1:500- family 2,  CPA7; CYP2A7; CPAD; EESGFLIE RQPKFED DKGQFKK 1:2500 subfamily A,  CYTOCHROME P450, SUBFAMILY (212) RTK  SD  polypeptide 7 IIA, POLYPEPTIDE 7; cytochrome (213) (214) P450, subfamily IIA (phenobarbital- inducible), polypeptide 7; cyto- chrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 7; cytochrome P450, family 2, su S0218 solute carrier  222962 SLC29A4; solute carrier family 29 RHCILGEW KQRELAG RNAHGSC 1:20- family 29  (nucleoside transporters), member 4 LPILIMAVF NTMTVSY LHASTAN 1:50 (nucleoside N (215) MS  GSILAGL transporters), (216) (217) member 4 S0221 solute carrier  9153 HCNT2; SLC28A2; HsT17153; ELMEKEVE KARSFCK KNKRLSG 1:500- family 28  SPNT1; CONCENTRATIVE PEGSKRTD THARLFK MEEWIEG 1:1200 (sodium-coupled NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORTER 2; (218) K (219) EK  nucleoside  SODIUM-DEPENDENT PURINE (220) transporter), NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORTER 1; member 2 solute carrier family 28 (sodium- coupled nucleoside transporter), member 2 S0223 angiopoietin- 51129 HFARP; FIAF; ANGPTL4; PGAR; EGSTDLPL KVAQQQR DHKHLDH 1:30- like 4 angiopoietin-like 4; FASTING- APESRVDP HLEKQHL EVAKPAR 1:10000 INDUCED ADIPOSE FACTOR; E (221) R (222) RKRLPE PPARG ANGIOPOIETIN-RELATED (223) PROTEIN; HEPATIC FIBRINOGEN/ANGIOPOIETIN- RELATED PROTEIN S0235 carcinoembryonic 1048 CEACAM5; CD66e; KLTIESTPF KSDLVNE KPVEDKD 1:500- antigen-related  carcinoembryonic antigen-related   NVAEGKEC EATGQFR AVAFTCE 1:4500 cell adhesion  cell adhesion molecule 5 (224) VYPELPK PEAQ  molecule 5 (225) (226) S0237 podocalyxin-like 5420 podocalyxin-like; Gp200; PCLP; DEKLISLIC KDKWDEL DSWIVPL 1:1000- PODXL; PODOCALYXIN-LIKE RAVKATFN KEAGVSD DNLTKDD 1:2000 PROTEIN; podocalyxin-like precursor PAQDK MKLGD LDEEEDT (227) (228) HL  (229) S0238 xenotropic and 9213 X3; XPR1; X RECEPTOR; SYG1, EAVVTNEL RRYRDTK KARDTKV 1:100- polytropic  YEAST, HOMOLOG OF; xenotropic EDGDRQKA RAFPHLV LIEDTDD 1:500 retrovirus and polytropic retrovirus receptor MKRLR NAGK EANT  receptor (230) (231) (232) S0241 glycyl-tRNA 2617 GlyRS; GARS; CMT2D; 6.1.1.14; RKRVLEAK RHGVSHK EARYPLF 1:500- synthetase SMAD1; GLYCYL-tRNA ELALQPKD VDDSSGS EGQETGK 1:7500 SYNTHETASE; glycine tRNA ligase; DIVD  IGRRYAR KETIEE Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, (233) (234) (235) neuronal type, D S0244 dachshund  1602 DACH1; FLJ10138; dachshund DLAGHDM EKQVQLE EADRSGG 1:100- homolog 1 homolog (Drosophila); GHESKRMH KTELKMD RTDAERT 1:3000 (Drosophila) DACHSHUND, DROSOPHILA, IEKDE  FLRERE IQDGR HOMOLOG OF; dachshund homolog (236) (237) (238) 1 (Drosophila); dachshund homolog 1 isoform a; dachshund homolog 1 isoform b; dachshund homolog 1 isoform c S0251 transcription  29841 TFCP2L2; LBP-32; MGR; GRHL1; EALYPQRR DYYKVPR DKYDVPH 1:5400 factor mammalian grainyhead; LBP protein SYTSEDEA ERRSSTA DKIGKIF CP2-like 2 32; transcription factor CP2-like 2; WK (239) KPEVE KKCKK leader-binding protein 32 isoform 2; (240) (241) leader-binding protein 32 isoform 1 S0253 lysosomal  55353 LAPTM4B; lysosomal associated DPDQYNFS EYIRQLP DTTVLLP 1:500- associated pro- protein transmembrane 4 beta SSELGGDF PNFPYRD PYDDATV 1:2000 tein trans-  EFMDD D (243) NGAAKE membrane 4  (242) (244) beta S0255 cyclin E2 9134 CYCE2; CCNE2; cyclin E2; Gl/S- RREEVTKK KESRYVH DFFDRFM 1:1000- specific cyclin E2; cyclin E2   HQYEIR DKHFEVL LTQKDIN 1:2000 isoform 2; cyclin E2 isoform 3;  (245) HSDLE K (247) cyclin E2 isoform 1 (246) S0260 nicastrin 23385 KIAA0253; nicastrin; NCSTN; APH2; ESKHFTRD ETDRLPR ESRWKDI 1:2400- ANTERIOR PHARYNX LMEKLKGR CVRSTAR RARIFLI 1:5400 DEFECTIVE 2, C. ELEGANS, TSR (248) LAR  ASKELE HOMOLOG OF (249) (250) S0265 FXYD domain 5349 MAT-8; MAT8; PLML; FXYD3; KVTLGLLV SEWRSSG KCKCKFG 1:400- containing ion phospholemman-like protein; FLAGFPVL EQAGR QKSGHHP 1:1200 transport  MAMMARY TUMOR, 8-1(D; FXYD DANDLED (252) GE  regulator 3 domain-containing ion transport (251) (253) regulator 3; FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 3; FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 3 isoform 2 precursor;  FXYD domai S0267 immunoglobulin 3321 EWI-3; V8; IGSF3; immunoglobin KVAKESDS EREKTVT KRAEDTA 1:200- superfamily,  superfamily, member 3; VFVLKIYH GEFIDKE GQTALTV 1:250 member 3 immunoglobulin superfamily, member LRQED SKRPK  MRPD 3 (254) (255) (256) S0270 signal trans-  10254 STAM2B; STAM2; DKFZp564C047; KVARKVR ETEVAAV EIKKSEP 1:1000- ducing adaptor  Hbp; STAM2A; SIGNAL- ALYDFEAV DKLNVID EPVYIDE 1:9000 molecule (SH3  TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR EDNE  DDVE DKMDR domain and ITAM  MOLECULE 2; signal transducing (257) (258) (259) motif) 2 adaptor molecule 2; STAM-like protein containing SH3 and ITAM domains 2; signal transducing  adaptor molecule (SH3 domain and  ITAM motif) 2 S0273 dickkopf homolog 22943 DKK1; DKK-1; SK; dickkopf-1 like; DEECGTDE RGEIEET N/A 1:400- 1   dickkopf (Xenopus laevis) homolog 1; YCASPTRG ITESFGN 1:500 (Xenopus laevis) dickkopf homolog 1 (Xenopus laevis);  GD (260) DHSTLD DICKKOPF, XENOPUS, HOMOLOG (261) OF, 1 S0280 solute carrier  65010 SLC26A6; solute carrier family 26, MDLRRRD DTDIYRD EFYSDAL 1:1800- family 26,  member 6 YHMERPLL VAEYSEA KQRCGVD 1:2400 member 6 NQEHLEE KE  VDFLISQ (262) (263) KKK  (264) S0286 WNT inhibitory  11197 WIF1; WIF-1; WNT inhibitory factor DAHQARVL ERRICEC KRYEASL 1:90 factor 1 1; Wnt inhibitory factor-1 precursor IGFEEDIL PDGFHGP IHALRPA IVSE  HCEK  GAQLR (265) (266) (267) S0288 preferentially 23532 MAPE; PRAME; OPA- KRKVDGLS KEGACDE DIKMILK 1:1200 expressed   INTERACTING PROTEIN 4; Opa- TEAEQPFIP LFSYLIE MVQLDSI antigen interacting protein OIP4;   VE (268) KVKRKK EDLE  in melanoma preferentially expressed antigen  (269) (270) in melanoma; melanoma antigen  preferentially expressed in tumors S0295 prostaglandin E 9536 PGES; TP53112; MGST1L1; PP1294; RLRKKAFA RSDPDVE RVAHTVA 1:100- synthase PP102; PTGES; MGC10317; PIG12; NPEDALR RCLRAHR YLGKLRA 1:2400 MGST1-Ll; MGST-IV; MGST1-like (271) ND  PIR  1; p53-INDUCED GENE 12; (272) (273) prostaglandin E synthase; p53- induced apoptosis protein  12; prostaglandin E synthase isoform 2; prostaglandin E synthase isoform 1; micros S0296 solute carrier 8140 SLC7A5; MPE16; D16S469E; CD98; KRRALAAP EAREKML MIWLRHR 1:300- family 7  LAT1; 4F2 light chain; Membrane AAEEKEEA AAKSADG KPELERP 1:5000 (cationic amino protein E16; L-TYPE AMINO ACID R (274) SAPAGE IK  acid  TRANSPORTER 1; Solute carrier (275) (276) transporter, family 7, member 5; solute carrier y+ system), family 7 (cationic amino acid member 5 transporter, y+ system), member 5 S0296 solute carrier 8140 SLC7A5; MPE16; D16S469E; CD98; KRRALAAP N/A N/A 1:225- P1 family 7  LAT1; 4F2 light chain; Membrane AAEEKEEA 1:3150 (cationic amino protein E16; L-TYPE AMINO ACID R (277) acid   TRANSPORTER 1; Solute carrier transporter, family 7, member 5; solute carrier y+ system), family 7 (cationic amino acid member 5 transporter, y+ system), member 5 S0297 v-maf 7975 FLJ32205; NFE2U; MAFK; NFE2, KPNKALKV KRVTQKE RLELDAL 1:333- musculoapo- 18-KD SUBUNIT; nuclear factor KKEAGE ELERQRV RSKYE 1:800 neurotic erythroid-2, ubiquitous (p18); (278) ELQQEVE (280) fibrosarcoma  NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID K (279) oncogene homolog 2, UBIQUITOUS SUBUNIT; v-maf K (avian) musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog K (avian); v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogen S0301 signal peptide,  57758 SCUBE2; signal peptide, CUB KMHTDGRS KKGFKLL KRTEKRL 1:3500- CUB domain,  domain, EGF-like 2 CLEREDTV TDEKSCQ RKAIRTL 1:5400 EGF-like 2 LEVTE  DVDE RKAVHRE (281) (282) (283) S0303 gamma-amino- 2564 GABRE; GABA-A RECEPTOR, RVEGPQTE EETKSTE KWENFKL 1:300- butyric acid  EPSILON POLYPEPTIDE; GAMMA- SKNEASSR TETGSRV EINEKNS 1:500 (GABA) A   AMINOBUTYRIC ACID D (284) GKLPE  WKLFQFD receptor, RECEPTOR, EPSILON; gamma- (285) (286) epsilon aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, epsilon; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, epsilon isoform 2; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, epsilon is S0305 S100 calcium  6281 CAL1L; GP11; p10; 42C; S100A10; DKGYLTKE KDPLAVD N/A 1:8332- binding protein ANX2LG; CLP11; Ca[1]; DLRVLMEK KIMKDLD 1:24996 A10 (annexin II CALPACTIN I, p11 SUBUNIT; E (287) QCRDGK ligand,   ANNEXIN II, LIGHT CHAIN; (288) calpactin   CALPACTIN I, LIGHT CHAIN; S100 I, light calcium-binding protein A10 (annexin polypeptide II ligand, calpactin I, light  (p11)) polypeptide (p11)); S100 calcium  binding protein A10 S0311 v-myb myelo- 4605 MYBL2; MGC15600; MYB- MSRRTRCE EEDLKEV RRSPIKK 1:750- blastosis viral  RELATED GENE BMYB; MYB- DLDELHYQ LRSEAGI VRKSLAL 1:5000 oncogene homolog related protein B; v-myb DTDSD ELIIEDD DIVDED (avian)-like2 myeloblastosis viral oncogene (289) IR (291) homolog (avian)-like 2; V-MYB (290) AVIAN MYELOBLASTOSIS VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOG-LIKE 2 S0312 nucleoside 4860 NP; 2.4.2.1; nucleoside   EDYKNTAE DERFGDR KVIMDYE 1:1000- phosphorylase phosphorylase; PURINE- WLLSHTKH FPAMSDA SLEKANH 1:3600 NUCLEOSIDE: ORTHOPHOSPHATE R (292) YDRTMRQ EE  RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; purine R (293) (294) nucleoside phosphorylase; PNP NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE DEFICIENCY; ATAXIA WITH DEFICIENT CELLULAR IMMUNITY S0314 chaperonin  22948 KIAA0098; CCT5; chaperonin DQDRKSRL KGVIVDK RMILKID 1:6000- containing   containing TCP1, subunit 5 (epsilon) MGLEALKS DFSHPQM DIRKPG 1:30000 TCP1, subunit  HIMAAK PKKVED ESEE  5 (epsilon) (295) (296) (297) S0315 non-metastatic   4830 GAAD; NME1; NDPKA; 2.7.4.6; RLQPEFKP KFMQASE DSVESAE 1:9000- cells 1,  NM23-H1; AWD NM23H1B; GZMA- KQLEGTMA DLLKEHY KEIGLWF 1:18000 protein (NM23A) ACTIVATED DNase; NUCLEOSIDE NCER  VDLKDR HPEELVD expressed in DIPHOSPHATE KINASE-A; AWD, (298) (299) (300) DROSOPHILA, HOMOLOG OF; METASTASIS INHIBITION FACTOR NM23; nucleoside- diphosphate kinase 1 isoform b; NONMETASTATIC PROTEIN 23, HOMOLOG 1; nucleo S0316 squalene  6713 SQLE; 1.14.99.7; squalene epoxidase; KSPPESENK RDGRKVT DHLKEPF 1:1000- epoxidase squalene monooxygenase EQLEARRR VIERDLK LEATDNS 1:10000 R (301) EPDR  HLR  (302) (303) S0319 pregnancy- 29948 OKL38; pregnancy-induced growth DLEVKDW EYHKVHQ RHQLLCF 1:900 induced inhibitor; PREGNANCY-INDUCED MQKKRRG MMREQSI KEDCQAV growth  GROWTH INHIBITOR OKL38 LRNSR  LSPSPYE FQDLEGV inhibitor (304) GYR  EK  (305) (306) S0326 mal, T-cell 114569 MAL2; mal, T-cell differentiation GPDILRTYS CSLGLAL N/A 1:120- differentiation  protein 2 GAFVCLE RRWRP 1:1200 protein 2 (307) (308) S0330 aldo-keto  1645 1.1.1.213; 2-ALPHA-HSD; 1.3.1.20; RYLTLDIFA N/A N/A 1:2500- reductase family 20-ALPHA-HSD; MGC8954; H-37; GPPNYPFS 1:75000 1, member C1/2  HAKRC; MBAB; C9; DDH1; DEY (309) (dihydrodiol  AKR1C1; trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene- dehydrogenase  1,2-diol dehydrogenase; chlordecone 1; 20-alpha reductase homolog; aldo-keto (3-alpha)- reductase C; 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; hepatic dihydrodiol dehydrogenase) S0330- aldo-keto  1645 1.1.1.213; 2-ALPHA-HSD; 1.3.1.20;  RYLTLDIFA N/A N/A 1:600 x1 reductase family 20-ALPHA-HSD; MGC8954; H-37; GPPNYPFS 1, memberC1/2  HAKRC; MBAB; C9; DDH1; DEY (310) (dihydrodiol  AKR1C1; trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene- dehydrogenase  1,2-diol dehydrogenase; chlordecone 1; 20-alpha  reductase homolog; aldo-keto (3-alpha)- reductase C; 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; hepatic dihydrodiol dehydrogenase) S0331 aldo-keto  8644 HA1753; 1.1.1.188; DD3; h1uPGFS; HYFNSDSF N/A N/A 1:300- reductase family HSD17B5; 1.3.1.20; 1.1.1.213; ASHPNYPY 1:999 1, member AKR1C3; KIAA0119; HAKRB; SDEY (311) C3 (3-alpha HAKRe; trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene- hydroxysteroid 1,2-diol dehydrogenase; chlordecone dehydrogenase,  reductase homolog; dihydrodiol type II) dehydrogenase 3; prostaglandin F synthase; ALDO-KETO REDUCTASE B; 3- S0331- aldo-keto  8644 HA1753; 1.1.1.188; DD3; h1uPGFS; HYFNSDSF N/A N/A 1:150- x1 reductase family HSD17B5; 1.3.1.20; 1.1.1.213; ASHPNYPY 1:300 1, member C3 AKR1C3; KIAA0119; HAKRB; SDEY (312) (3-alpha  HAKRe; trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene- hydroxysteroid 1,2-diol dehydrogenase; chlordecone dehydrogenase, reductase homolog; dihydrodiol type II) dehydrogenase 3; prostaglandin F synthase; ALDO-KETO REDUCTASE B; 3- S0332 aldo-keto  1645 1.1.1.213; 2-ALPHA-HSD; 1.3.1.20; RYVVMDFL N/A N/A 1:300- reductase family 20-ALPHA-HSD; MGC8954; H-37; MDHPDYPF 1:400 1, member C4 HAKRC; MBAB; C9; DDH1; SDEY (313) (dihydrodiol  AKR1C1; trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene- dehydrogenase 1,2-diol dehydrogenase; chlordecone 1; 20- reductase homolog; aldo-keto alpha (3-alpha)- reductase C; 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; hepatic dihydrodiol dehydrogenase) S0332- aldo-keto  1645 1.1.1.213; 2-ALPHA-HSD; 1.3.1.20; RYVVMDFL N/A N/A 1:75- x1 reductase family 20-ALPHA-HSD; MGC8954; H-37; MDHPDYPF 1:150 1, member C4 HAKRC; MBAB; C9; DDH1; SDEY (314) (dihydrodiol  AKR1C1; trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene- dehydrogenase  1,2-diol dehydrogenase; chlordecone 1; 20- reductase homolog; aldo-keto alpha (3-alpha)- reductase C; 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; hepatic dihydrodiol dehydrogenase) S0336 chromosome 20  140809 C20orf139; chromosome 20 open DPAKVQSL RETIPAK N/A 1:1600- open reading  reading frame 139 VDTIREDP LVQSTLS 1:2400 frame 139 D (315) DLR  (316) S0342 solute carrier 154091 SLC2Al2; solute carrier family 2 SDTTEELT N/A N/A 1:400- family 2  (facilitated glucose transporter), VIKSSLKDE 1:1250 (facilitated  member 12 (317) glucose transporter), member 12 S0343 solute carrier 154091 SLC2Al2; solute carrier family 2 HSRSSLMP N/A N/A 1:50- family 2   (facilitated glucose transporter), LRNDVDKR 1:125 (facilitated  member 12 (318) glucose transporter), member 12 S0357 HTPAP protein 84513 HTPAP; HTPAP protein YRNPYVEA N/A N/A 1:100- EYFPTKPM 1:300 FVIA (319) S0364 KIAA0746 protein 23231 KIAA0746; KIAA0746 protein KKFPRFRN N/A N/A 1:200- RELEATRR 1:300 QRMD (320) S0367 peroxisomal  122970 PTE2B; peroxisomal acyl-CoA SGNTAINY N/A N/A 1:200- acyl-  thioesterase 2B KHSSIP 1:600 CoAthioesterase (321) 2B S0374 chloride  53405 CLIC5; chloride intracellular   DANTCGED N/A N/A 1:5000- intracellular channel 5 KGSRRKFL 1:9000 channel 5 DGDE (322) S0380 keratinocyte 200634 KRTCAP3; keratinocyte associated QLEEMTEL N/A N/A 1:2000- associated   protein 3 ESPKCKRQ 1:9000 protein 3 ENEQ (323) S0384 FERM, RhoGEF 10160 p63RhoGEF; CDEP; FARP1; QADGAASA N/A N/A 1:100 (ARHGEF) and chondrocyte-derived ezrin-like   PTEEEEEV pleckstrin  protein; FERM, RhoGEF, and  VKDR  domain protein  pleckstrin domain protein 1; FERM,  (324) 1 (chondrocyte- ARHGEF, AND PLECKSTRIN DOMAIN- derived) CONTAINING PROTEIN 1; FERM, RhoGEF (ARHGEF) and pleckstrin domain protein 1 (chondrocyte- derived) S0388 trichorhino- 7227 GC79; TRPS1; TRPS1 GENE; SGDSLETK N/A N/A 1:600 phalangeal trichorhinophalangeal syndrome 1;  EDQKMSPK syndrome I zinc finger transcription factor  ATEE  TRPS1 (325) S0396 cytochrome P450, 1576 1.14.14.1; HLP; CYP3A3; CYP3A4; RKSVKRM N/A N/A 1:15 family 3,  P450C3; NF-25; CP33; CP34; P450- KESRLEDT subfamily A, III, STEROID-INDUCIBLE; QKHRV polypeptide 4 nifedipine oxidase; glucocorticoid- (326) inducible P450; CYTOCHROME P450PCN1; P450, FAMILY III; P450- III, steroid inducible; cytochrome P450, subfamily IIIA, polypeptide 4; S0398 FAT tumor  2195 CDHF7; FAT; cadherin ME5; FAT KIRLPEREK N/A N/A 1:45- suppressor tumor suppressor precursor;  PDRERNAR 1:200 homolog 1 cadherin-related tumor suppressor  REP (327) (Drosophila) homolog precursor; cadherin family  member 7 precursor; homolog of  Drosophila Fat protein precursor;  FAT tumor suppressor homolog 1  (Drosophila); FAT TUMOR SUPPRESS S0401 granulin 2896 ACROGRANIN; PROEPITHELIN; RGTKCLRR N/A N/A 1:600- PROGRANULIN; PEPI; PCDGF; EAPRWDAP 1:3000 granulin; GRN; EPITHELIN LRDP  PRECURSOR (328) S0404 N-myc downstream 10397 HMSNL; TARG1; CMT4D; RTP; GTRSRSHT N/A N/A 1:100- regulated gene 1 PROXY1; NDRG1; GC4; NMSL; SEGTRSRS 1:900 TDDS; RIT42; NDR1; differentiation- HTSE  related gene 1 protein; nickel- (329) specific induction protein Cap43;  protein regulated by oxygen-1; NMYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE 1; reducing agents and tunicamycin-respon S0411 fatty acid  2171 PAFABP; EFABP; E-FABP; FABP5; EETTADGR N/A N/A 1:1800 binding protein PA-FABP; FATTY ACID-BINDING KTQTVCNF 5 (psoriasis- PROTEIN, EPIDERMAL; FATTY TD (330) associated) ACID-BINDING PROTEIN 5; FATTY ACID-BINDING PROTEIN, PSORIASIS-ASSOCIATED; fatty acid binding protein 5 (psoriasis- associated) S0413 cyclin-dependent 1028 WBS; p57(KIP2); BWCR; CDKN1C; AKRKRSAP N/A N/A 1:2700 kinase inhibitor BWS; Beckwith-Wiedemann EKSSGDVP 1C (p57, Kip2) syndrome; cyclin-dependent kinase  (331) inhibitor 1C (p57, Kip2) S0414 alpha- 23600 AMACR; 5.1.99.4; ALPHA- RVDRPGSR N/A N/A 1:100 methylacyl- METHYLACYL-CoA RACEMASE; YDVSRLGR CoA racemase AMACR DEFICIENCY; AMACR GKRS  ALPHA-METHYLACYL-CoA (332) RACEMASE DEFICIENCY; alpha- methylacyl-CoA racemase isoform 1; alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase isoform 2 S0415 gamma-amino- 2562 MGC9051; GABRB3; GABA-A ETVDKLLK N/A N/A 1:600- butyric RECEPTOR, BETA-3 GYDIRLRP 1:1800 acid (GABA) A POLYPEPTIDE; GAMMA- D (333) receptor, beta  AMINOBUTYRIC ACID 3 RECEPTOR, BETA-3; gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 isoform 2 precursor; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A rece S0417 HSV-1  22879 HSRG1; KIAA0872; HSV-1 APGGAEDL N/A N/A 1:9000 stimulation- stimulation-related 1; HSV-1 EDTQFPSEE related gene 1 stimulation-related gene 1 ARE (334) S0425 tumor necrosis  27242 TNFRSF21; DR6; BM-018; TNFR- RKSSRTLK N/A N/A 1:9000 factor receptor  related death receptor 6; tumor KGPRQDPS superfamily, necrosis factor receptor super- AIVE (335) member 21 family, member 21; tumor necrosis  factor receptor superfamily,  member 21 precursor S0429 jumonji domain 221037 JMJD1C; TRIPS; jumonji domain GSESGDSD N/A N/A 1:1200 containing 1C containing 1C; THYROID ESESKSEQR HORMONE RECEPTOR TKR (336) INTERACTOR 8 S0432 chromosome 9  null C9orf140; chromosome 9 open reading EADSGDAR N/A N/A 1:90- open reading  frame 140 RLPRARGE 1:300 frame 140 RRRH (337) S0440 cell division  994 3.1.3.48; CDC25B; cell division  RLERPQDR N/A N/A 1:350- cycle 25B cycle 25B; cell division cycle   DTPVQNKR 1:3600 25B isoform 4; cell division cycle   RRS (338) 25B isoform 5; cell division cycle 25B isoform 1;  cell division cycle 25B isoform 2;  cell division cycle 25B isoform 3 S0445 laminin, beta 1 3912 LAMB1; LAMININ, BETA-1; CUTIS DRVEDVM N/A N/A 1:600- LAXA-MARFANOID SYNDROME; MERESQFK 1:1800 laminin, beta 1; laminin, beta 1 EKQE (339) precursor; LAMB1 NEONATAL CUTIS LAXA WITH MARFANOID PHENOTYPE S0447 papillary renal  5546 TPRC; MGC17178; MGC4723; DEAFKRLQ N/A N/A 1:4000- cell carcinoma PRCC; proline-rich protein PRCC; GKRNRGRE 1:6000 (translocation- RCCP1 PRCC/TFE3 FUSION GENE; E (340) associated) papillary renal cell carcinoma (translocation-associated); RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, PAPILLARY, 1 GENE; papillary renal cell carcinoma translocation-associated gene product S0455 tumor necrosis  8743 APO2L; TL2; Apo-2L; TNFSF10; RFQEEIKEN N/A N/A 1:900 factor (ligand)  Apo-2 ligand; APO2 LIGAND; TNF- TKNDKQ superfamily, RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING (341) member 10 LIGAND; TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand TRAIL; tumor necrosis factor (ligand) super- family, member 10; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR LIGAND SUPERFAMILY, MEMBER 10 S0459 titin 7273 connectin; TMD; titin; CMD1G; KRDKEGVR N/A N/A 1:2700- CMPD4; TTN; F1132040; CMH9, WTKCNKK 1:8100 included; titin isoform N2-A; titin  TLTD (342) isoform N2-B; titin isoform novex-1; titin isoform novex-2; titin isoform novex-3; cardiomyopathy, dilated 1G (autosomal dominant); TTN CARDIOMYOPATHY, FAMILIAL S0469 DNA  1676 DFF45; DFF1; DFFA; ICAD; DFF-45; KEGSLLSK N/A N/A 1:600 fragmentation  INHIBITOR OF CASPASE- QEESKAAF factor, 45 kDa, ACTIVATED DNase; DNA GEE (343) alpha  FRAGMENTATION FACTOR, 45- polypeptide KD, ALPHA SUBUNIT; DNA fragmentation factor, 45 kDa, alpha polypeptide; DNA fragmentation factor, 45 kD, alpha subunit; DNA fragmentation factor, 45 kD, alp S0494 caspase 2,  835 ICH-1L/1S; CASP2; ICH1; CASP-2; ESDAGKEK N/A N/A 1:2000 apoptosis- ICH-1 protease; caspase 2 isoform 3; LPKMRLPT related  caspase 2 isoform 4; NEDD2 apoptosis RSD (344) cysteine pro-  regulatory gene; caspase 2 isoform 2 tease (neural precursor; caspase 2 isoform 1 precursor cell preproprotein; NEURAL expressed, PRECURSOR CELL EXPRESSED, developmentally DEVELOPMENTALLY down-regulated DOWNREGULATED 2; 2) S0501 G1 to S phase 2935 GSPT1; eRF3a; ETF3A; GST1, ERDKGKTV N/A N/A 1:15000 transition 1 YEAST, HOMOLOG OF; PEPTIDE EVGRAYFE CHAIN RELEASE FACTOR 3A; G1- TEK (345) TO S-PHASE TRANSITION 1; G1 to S phase transition 1 S0502 GCN5 general  2648 hGCN5; GCN5L2; GCN5 (general EKFRVEKD N/A N/A 1:9000 control of  control of amino-acid synthesis,   KLVPEKR amino-acid  yeast, homolog)-like 2; GCN5 general (346) synthesis 5- control of amino-acid synthesis 5- like 2 (yeast) like 2 (yeast); General control of  amino acid synthesis, yeast, homolog- like 2 S0503 geminin, DNA 51053 GMNN; geminin, DNA replication EVAEKRRK N/A N/A 1:333 replication  inhibitor ALYEALKE inhibitor NEK (347) S0507 ADP- 64225 ARL6IP2; ADP-ribosylation factor- ENYEDDDL N/A N/A 1:8000- ribosylation like 6 interacting protein 2 VNSDEVM 1:9000 factor-like 6  KKP (348) interacting protein 2 S0511 DNA replication 51659 Pfs2; DNA replication complex GINS PKADEIRTL N/A N/A 1:2000 complex GINS protein PSF2 VKDMWDT protein PSF2 R (349) S0524 ankyrin repeat  55608 ANKRD10; ankyrin repeat domain 10 RKRCLEDS N/A N/A 1:4500 domain 10 EDFGVKKA RTE (350) S0527 potassium  null KCTD2; potassium channel EPKSFLCRL N/A N/A 1:900- channel tetramerisation domain containing 2 CCQEDPEL 1:1500 tetramerisation  DS (351) domain  containing 2 S0528 rabconnectin-3 23312 RC3; KIAA0856; rabconnectin-3 EEYDRESK N/A N/A 1:350- SSDDVDYR 1:1200 GS (352) S0538 acidic  81611 ANP32E; acidic (leucine-rich)   CVNGEIEG N/A N/A 1:1200 (leucine- nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family,  LNDTFKEL rich) nuclear member E EF (353) phosphoprotein  32 family,  member E S0544 chromosome 9  84904 C9orf100; chromosome 9 open reading EQRARWER N/A N/A 1:40- open reading  frame 100 KRACTARE 1:240 frame 100 (354) S0545 HpaII tiny  27037 D22S1733E; HTF9C; HpaII tiny ERKQLECE N/A N/A 1:900- fragments fragments locus 9C; HpaII tiny QVLQKLAK 1:5400 locus 9C fragments locus 9C isoform2; HpaII E (355) tiny fragments locus 9C isoform 1 S0546 cell division  157313 CDCA2; cell division cycle  RNSETKVR N/A N/A 1:1200 cycle associated 2 RSTRLQKD associated 2 LEN (356) S0553 mitotic 129401 MP44; NUP35; LOC129401; SDYQVISD N/A N/A 1:3000- phosphoprotein  NUCLEOPORIN, 35-1(D; mitotic RQTPKKDE 1:5400 44 phosphoprotein 44 (357) S0557 SMC4 structural 10051 SMC4L1; CAPC; hCAP-C; DIEGKLPQT N/A N/A 1:200 maintenance of chromosome-associated polypeptide C; EQELKE chromosomes 4- SMC4 (structural maintenance of (358) like 1 (yeast) chromosomes 4, yeast)-like 1; SMC4 structural maintenance of chromosomes 4-like 1 (yeast); structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family member, chromosome-ass S0564 phosphatidyl- 9791 KIAA0024; PSSA; PTDSS1; DDVNYKM N/A N/A 1:1000- serine phosphatidylserine synthase 1 HFRMINEQ 1:8000 synthase 1 QVED (359) S0565 polo-like   5347 2.7.1.-; PLK1; STPK13; polo-like ENPLPERPR N/A N/A 1:10- kinase 1  kinase (Drosophila); polo  EKEEPVVR 1:100 (Drosophila) (Drosophia)-like kinase; SERINE/ (360) THREONINE PROTEIN KINASE 13;  polo-like kinase 1 (Drosophila) S0567 Pirin 8544 Pirin; PIR REQSEGVG N/A N/A 1:240 ARVRRSIG RPE (361) S0578 ATP-binding  21 ABCA3; ABC3; LBM180; ABC-C; PRAVAGKE N/A N/A 1:1500 cassette, sub- EST111653; ABC transporter 3; ATP- EEDSDPEK family A  binding cassette 3; ATP-BINDING ALR (362) (ABC1), member  CASSETTE TRANSPORTER 3; 3 ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY A, MEMBER 3; ATP- binding cassette, sub-family A  member 3; ATP-binding cassette, sub- family A (ABC1), memb S0579 ATP-binding   10347 ABCX; ABCA7; ABCA-SSN; EKADTDME N/A N/A 1:300- cassette, sub- autoantigen SS-N; macrophage ABC GSVDTRQE 1:400 family A  transporter; SJOGREN SYNDROME K (363) (ABC1), member  ANTIGEN SS-N; ATP-BINDING 7 CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY A, MEMBER 7; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 7; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A, member 7 isoform a; A S0581 ATP-binding  22 ABCB7; Atm1p; ASAT; ABC7; RVQNHDNP N/A N/A 1:4000- cassette, sub- EST140535; ABC TRANSPORTER 7; KWEAKKE 1:10000 family B (MDR/ ATP-binding cassette 7; ATP- NISK (364) TAP), member 7 BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER 7; Anemia, sideroblastic, with spinocerebellar ataxia; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 7; ATP- binding cassette, sub-family B, member S0585 ATP-binding  94160 MRP9; ABCC12; MULTIDRUG RSPPAKGA N/A N/A 1:500 cassette, sub- RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED TGPEEQSD family C (CFTR/ PROTEIN 9; ATP-BINDING SLK (365) MRP), member 12 CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY C, MEMBER 12; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 12 S0586 ATP-binding  9429 ABC15; MXR1; ABCP; EST157481; REEDFKAT N/A N/A 1:333- cassette, sub- MRX; ABCG2; BCRP1; BMDP; EIIEPSKQD 1:400 family G   MITOXANTRONE-RESISTANCE KP (366) (WHITE), PROTEIN; mitoxantrone resistance member 2 protein; placenta specific MDR protein; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, PLACENTA- SPECIFIC; breast cancer resistance protein; ATP-BINDING CASS S0593 solute carrier   28234 OATP1B3; SLC21A8; OATP8; DKTCMKW N/A N/A 1:500- organic anion  SLCO1B3; ORGANIC ANION STNSCGAQ 1:2400 transporter TRANSPORTER 8; solute carrier (367) family, organic anion transporter family, member 1B3 member 1B3; SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 21, MEMBER 8 (ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER); solute carrier family 21 (organic anion  transporter), member 8 S0597 solute carrier  9356 ROAT1; MGC45260; HOAT1; PAHT; DANLSKNG N/A N/A 1:3000 family 22  SLC22A6; PAH TRANSPORTER; GLEVWL (organic anion para-aminohippurate transporter;  (368) transporter), renal organic anion transporter 1;  member 6 solute carrier family 22 member 6  isoform b; solute carrier family 22 member 6 isoform c; solute carrier  family 22 member 6 isoform S0604 solute carrier  7355 UGT2; UGTL; UGAT; SLC35A2; EPFLPKLLT N/A N/A 1:2400 family 35  UGT1; UDP-galactose translocator; K (369) (UDP-galactose UDP-GALACTOSE TRANSPORTER, ISOFORM  transporter), 2; UGALT UDP-GALACTOSE TRANSPORTER, member A2 ISOFORM 1; solute carrier family 35 (UDP-galactose transporter),  member A2; solute carrier family 35 (UDP-galactose transpo    S0607 cell division  994 3.1.3.48; CDC25B; cell division  RKSEAGSG N/A N/A 1:1800 cycle 25B cycle 25B; cell division cycle 25B    AASSSGED isoform 4;   KEN (370) cell division cycle 25B isoform  5; cell division cycle 25B isoform 1; cell division cycle 25B isoform 2;  cell division cycle 25B isoform 3 S0609 stearoyl-CoA 6319 SCD; acyl-CoA desaturase; stearoyl- DDIYDPTY N/A N/A 1:2000- desaturase  CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase); KDKEGPSP 1:5000 (delta- fatty acid desaturase KVE (371) 9-desaturase) S0611 mitogen- 6300 SAPK3; p38gamma; SAPK-3; p38- QSDEAKNN N/A N/A 1:100 activated  GAMMA; PRKM12; MAPK12; MKGLPELE protein ERK3; ERK6; EXTRACELLULAR KKD (372) kinase 12 SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE 6; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; stress-activated protein kinase 3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 S0612 nuclear factor  4791 LYT-10; LYT10; NFKB2; SRPQGLTE N/A N/A 1:4500 of kappa light ONCOGENE LYT 10; AEQRELEQ polypeptide  TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFKB2; EAK (373) gene enhancer   NFKB, p52/p100 SUBUNIT; in B-cells 2  LYMPHOCYTE TRANSLOCATION (p49/p100) CHROMOSOME 10; NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA-B, SUBUNIT 2; Nuclear factor of kappa light chain gene enhancer in B-cells 2; nuclear factor of kappa 1 S0613 tumor necrosis   958 Bp50; TNFRSF5; MGC9013; RVQQKGTS N/A N/A 1:250- factor receptor  CDW40; CD40 antigen; CD40L ETDTIC 1:270 superfamily, receptor; B CELL-ASSOCIATED (374) member 5 MOLECULE CD40; CD40 type II isoform; B cell surface antigen  CD40; nerve growth factor  receptor-related B-lymphocyte   activation molecule; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfam S0614 Epstein-Barr  10148 EBI3; IL27, EBI3 SUBUNIT; VRLSPLAE N/A N/A 1:1200- virus induced  EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS-INDUCED RQLQVQW 1:3000 gene 3 GENE 3; INTERLEUKIN 27, EBI3 E (375) SUBUNIT; Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3; Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 precursor S0616 zinc finger  58495 ZNF339; zinc finger protein 339 RRSLGVSV N/A N/A 1:2500 protein 339 RSWDELPD EKR (376) S0617 DAB2  153090 DAB2IP; DAB2 interacting protein DEGLGPDP N/A N/A 1:600 interacting PHRDRLRS protein K (377) S0618 protein  8500 MGC26800; LIP1; PPFIA1; LIP.1; SGKRSSDG N/A N/A 1:150 tyrosine  LAR-interacting protein 1; PTPRF SLSHEEDL phosphatase,  interacting protein alpha 1 isoform   AK (378) receptor type,  a; PTPRF interacting protein alpha  f polypeptide  1 isoform b; protein tyrosine (PTPRF), phosphatase, receptor type, f interacting  polypeptide (PTPRF), interacting protein protein (liprin), alpha 1 (liprin), alpha 1 S0631 RGM domain  56963 RGMA; REPULSIVE GUIDANCE SQERSDSPE N/A N/A 1:600 family, MOLECULE; RGM domain family, ICHYEKSFH member A member A K (379) S0633 hypothetical  144347 LOC144347; hypothetical protein KVNPEPTH N/A N/A 1:100- protein LOC144347 EIRCNSEVK 1:200 LOC144347 (380) S0639 tetratrico- 57217 TTC7; tetratricopeptide repeat  RELREVLR N/A N/A 1:2000- peptide repeat  domain 7 TVETKATQ 1:3000 domain 7 N (381) S0640 protein C  5624 PROC; 3.4.21.69; PROC RDTEDQED N/A N/A 1:1000- (inactivator  DEFICIENCY PROTEIN C; QVDPRLID 1:1800 of coagulation  THROMBOPHILIA, HEREDITARY, GK (382) factors DUE TO PC DEFICIENCY; Va and VIIIa) PROTEIN C DEFICIENCY, CONGENITAL THROMBOTIC DISEASE DUE TO; protein C (inactivator of coagulation factors  Va and VIIIa) S0643 transducin-like 7090 HsT18976; KIAA1547; ESG3; TLE3; KNHHELDH N/A N/A 1:200- enhancer of   transducin-like enhancer protein 3;  RERESSAN 1:1440 split 3 (E(sp1) enhancer of split groucho 3; (383) homolog, transducin-like enhancer of split 3 Drosophila) (E(sp1) homolog, Drosophila) S0645 frizzled   8324 FzE3; FZD7; frizzled 7; frizzled SDGRGRPA N/A N/A 1:900 homolog 7  homolog 7 (Drosophila); Frizzled, FPFSCPRQ (Drosophila) drosophila, homolog of, 7 (384) S0646 solute carrier 6520 MDUl; 4T2HC; SLC3A2; NACAE; GSKEDFDS N/A N/A 1:3600- family 3    4F2HC; 4F2 HEAVY CHAIN; CD98 LLQSAKK 1:5400 (activators of    HEAVY CHAIN; CD98 (385) dibasic and   MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 44D7; neutral amino ANTIGEN DEFINED BY acid  MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 4F2, transport), HEAVY CHAIN; antigen identified by member 2 monoclonal antibodies 4F2, TRA1.10, TROP4, and T43; SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 3 S0648 KIAA0738 gene 9747 KIAA0738; KIAA0738 gene product EYRNQTNL N/A N/A 1:200 product PTENVDK (386) S0651 phospholipase  22925 PLA2IR; PLA2-R; PLA2R1; QKEEKTW N/A N/A 1:3600 A2 receptor 1,   PLA2G1R; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 HEALRSCQ 180 kDa RECEPTOR, 180-1 (D; phospholipase ADN (387) A2 receptor 1, 180 kDa S0654 KIAA0182  23199 KIAA0182; KIAA0182 protein EKAEEGPR N/A N/A 1:400 protein KREPAPLD K (388) S0659 thymidine   7084 TK2; THYMIDINE KINASE, EQNRDRIL N/A N/A 1:300 kinase 2,  MITOCHONDRIAL; thymidine TPENRK mitochondrial kinase 2, mitochondrial (389) S0663 chromosome 14  64430 C14orf135; chromosome 14 open RDWYIGLV N/A N/A 1:900 open reading  reading frame 135 SDEKWK frame 135 (390) S0665 KIAA1007  23019 KIAA1007; KIAA1007 protein; DSYLKTRS N/A N/A 1:1500- protein adrenal gland protein AD-005; PVTFLSDLR 1:3000 KIAA1007 protein isoform a; (391) KIAA1007 protein isoform b S0670 DKFZP566O1646 25936 DC8; DKFZP56601646 protein KCRGETVA N/A N/A 1:900 protein KEISEAMK S (392) S0672 B-cell 605 BCL7A; B-cell CLL/lymphoma-7; B- QRGSQIGR N/A N/A 1:800 CLL/lymphoma  cell CLL/lymphoma 7A EPIGLSGD 7A (393) S0673 likely ortholog  28987 ART-4; NOB1P; adenocarcinoma KPPQETEK N/A N/A 1:50 of mouse nin  antigen recognized by T lymphocytes  GHSACEPE one binding  4; likely ortholog of mouse nin one  N (394) protein binding protein S0676 guanine  2768 RMP; NNX3; GNA12; GUANINE ERRAGSGA N/A N/A 1:1200- nucleotide NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING PROTEIN, RDAERE 1:2400 binding protein ALPHA-12; guanine nucleotide (395) (G protein) binding protein (G protein) alpha  alpha 12 12 S0677 GrpE-like 1, 80273 HMGE; GRPEL1; HUMAN SEQKADPP N/A N/A 1:500- mitochondrial  MITOCHONDRIAL GrpE PROTEIN; ATEKTLLE 1:1000 (E. coli) GrpE-like 1, mitochondrial (E.   (396) coli); GrpE, E. COLI, HOMOLOG OF, 1 S0684 hypothetical  91607 FLJ34922; hypothetical protein EAEWSQGV N/A N/A 1:8100 protein FLJ34922 QGTLRIKK FLJ34922 YLT (397) S0687 hypothetical  54942 FLJ20457; hypothetical protein EESKSITEG N/A N/A 1:600- protein FLJ20457 LLTQKQYE 1:1260 FLJ20457 (398) S0691 solute carrier  23657 CCBR1; SLC7A11; xCT; QNFKDAFS N/A N/A 1:1000- family 7,  cystine/glutamate transporter; GRDSSITR 1:1575 (cationic amino  SYSTEM Xc(−) TRANSPORTER- (399) acid   RELATED PROTEIN; SOLUTE transporter, CARRIER FAMILY 7, MEMBER 11; y+ system) solute carrier family 7, (cationic  member 11 amino acid transporter, y+ system)  member 11 S0692 glutamate- 2729 GLCLC; GCLC; 6.3.2.2; GCS; EKIHLDDA N/A N/A 1:100- cysteine GAMMA-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE NESDHFEN 1:400 ligase,  SYNTHETASE, CATALYTIC (400) catalytic SUBUNIT; glutamate-cysteine ligase, subunit catalytic subunit S0695 integrin,  3691 ITGB4; INTEGRIN, BETA-4; TEDVDEFR N/A N/A 1:2700- beta 4 integrin, beta 4 NKLQGER 1:4050 (401) S0702 solute carrier   8140 SLC7A5; MPE16; D16S469E; CD98; KGDVSNLD N/A N/A 1:21160- family 7    LAT1; 4F2 light chain; Membrane PNFSFEGTK 1:178200 (cationic amino protein E16; L-TYPE AMINO ACID LDV (402) acid     TRANSPORTER 1; Solute carrier transporter,  family 7, member 5; solute carrier y+ system), family 7 (cationic amino acid member 5 transporter, y+ system), member 5 S0705 breast cancer 25855 DKFZp564A063; BRMS1; breast KARAAVSP N/A N/A 1:1000- metastasis  cancer metastasis-suppressor 1;   QKRKSDGP 1:2000 suppressor 1 breast cancer metastasis  (403) suppressor 1 S0706 KiSS-1  3814 MGC39258; KISS1; KiSS-1 RQIPAPQG N/A N/A 1:180 metastasis- metastasis-suppressor; KISS1 AVLVQREK suppressor METASTIN; malignant melanoma D (404) metastasis-suppressor; KISS1 METASTASIS SUPPRESSOR S0708 cofactor   9439 DKFZp434H0117; CRSP133; SUR2; SVKEQVEK N/A N/A 1:2430 required for  DRIP130; CRSP3; mediator; IICNLKPAL Sp1    transcriptional co-activator  K (138) transcriptional  CRSP130; CRSP, 130-KD SUBUNIT;  activation, CRSP 130-kD subunit; 133 kDa subunit 3, transcriptional co-activator; 130  130 kDa kDa transcriptional co-activator;  vitamin D3 receptor interacting  protein; c S5002 keratin 14 3861 CK; KRT14; K14; EBS4; EBS3; Antibody obtained from  1:50 (epidermolysis  cytokeratin 14; CK 14; KERATIN, Chemicon bullosa   TYPE I CYTOSKELETAL 14; keratin simplex,  14 (epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Dowling-Meara, Dowling-Meara, Koebner) Koebner) S5003 keratin 17 3872 PCHC1; PC; PC2; 39.1; KRT17; K17; Antibody obtained from  1:10- CYTOKERATIN 17; VERSION 1; Dako 1:25 CK 17; KERATIN, TYPE I CYTOSKELETAL 17 S5004 keratin 18 3875 K18; CYK18; KRT18; Antibody obtained from  1:200- CYTOKERATIN 18; CK 18; Dako 1:400 KERATIN, TYPE I CYTOSKELETAL 18 S5005 keratin 18 3875 K18; CYK18; KRT18; Antibody obtained from  1:50- CYTOKERATIN 18; CK 18; Becton Dickinson 1:100 KERATIN, TYPE I CYTOSKELETAL 18 S5012 tumor- 4072 TROP1; LY74; Ep-CAM; GA733-2; Antibody obtained from  1:40 associated EGP40; MK-1; CO17-1A; EPCAM; Oncogene Research  calcium signal M4S1; KSA; TACSTD1; EGP; MK-1 Products (Calbiochem) transducer 1 antigen; EPITHELIAL CELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE; GASTROINTESTINAL TUMOR- ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN 2, 35-KD GLYCOPROTEIN; tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 1  precurso S5014 estrogen   2100 ER-BETA; ESR-BETA; ESR2; Erb; Antibody obtained from  1:2500 receptor ESRB; NR3A2; ESTROGEN Oncogene Research   2 (ER beta) RECEPTOR, BETA; estrogen receptor Products (Calbiochem) 2 (ER beta) S5038 mucin 1, 4582 PEMT; MUC1; episialin; EMA; PUM;  Antibody obtained from  1:1 transmembrane H23AG; CD227; PEM; Imperial Cancer Research  CARCINOMA-ASSOCIATED Technology (ICRT) MUCIN; H23 antigen; TUMOR- ASSOCIATED MUCIN; DF3 antigen; peanut-reactive urinary mucin;  mucin 1, transmembrane;  polymorphic epithelial mucin; MUCIN 1, URINARY; MUCIN,  TUMOR-ASSOCIATE S5044 transferrin   7037 P90; TR; TFRC; TFR; CD71; T9; Antibody obtained from  1:20 receptor TRFR; ANTIGEN CD71; NeoMarkers (p90, CD71) TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN; transferrin receptor (p90, CD71) S5045 v-erb-b2 2064 HER-2; ERBB2; NGL; P185ERBB2; Antibody obtained from  1:600 erythroblastic HER2; C-ERBB-2; NEU; MLN 19; NeoMarkers leukemia viral EC 2.7.1.112; TKR1 HERSTATIN; oncogene  NEU PROTO-ONCOGENE; homolog 2,  ONCOGENE ERBB2; RECEPTOR neuro/ PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE glioblastoma ERBB-2 PRECURSOR; ONCOGENE derived  NGL, NEUROBLASTOMA-OR oncogene GLIOBLASTOMA-DERIVED; homolog (avian) TYROSINE KINASE-TYPE CELL S5047 major vault  9961 MVP; LRP; VAULT1; LUNG Antibody obtained from  1:300 protein RESISTANCE-RELATED PROTEIN; NeoMarkers MAJOR VAULT PROTEIN, RAT, HOMOLOG OF S5064 tumor protein  8626 LMS; TP73L; KET; SHFM4; p73H; Antibody obtained from  1:50 p73-like EEC3; TP63; p51; TUMOR PROTEIN Dako p63; TUMOR PROTEIN p73-LIKE; p53-RELATED PROTEIN p63; tumor protein 63 kDa with strong homology to p53 S5065 estrogen   2099 ER; NR3A1; ESR1; Era; ESR; ER- Antibody obtained from  1:20 receptor 1 ALPHA; ESRA; ESTRADIOL Dako RECEPTOR; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR, ALPHA; estrogen receptor 1 (alpha) S5066 v-erb-b2 2064 HER-2; ERBB2; NGL; P185ERBB2; Antibody obtained from  1:300 erythroblastic HER2; C-ERBB-2; NEU; MLN 19; Dako leukemia viral EC 2.7.1.112; TKR1 HERSTATIN; oncogene   NEU PROTO-ONCOGENE; homolog ONCOGENE ERBB2; RECEPTOR 2, neuro/ PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE glioblastoma ERBB-2 PRECURSOR; ONCOGENE derived  NGL, NEUROBLASTOMA-OR oncogene GLIOBLASTOMA-DERIVED; homolog (avian) TYROSINE KINASE-TYPE CELL S5067 cathepsin D 1509 CTSD; MGC2311; CPSD; EC Antibody obtained from  1:20- (lysosomal  3.4.23.5; cathepsin D preproprotein; Dako 1:50 aspartyl Cathepsin D precursor; cathepsin D protease) (lysosomal aspartyl protease); S5069 CA 125 n/a Antibody obtained from  1:20 Dako S5070 CA 15-3 n/a Antibody obtained from  1:50 Dako S5071 CA 19-9 n/a Antibody obtained from  1:50 Dako S5072 v-myc 4609 c-Myc; MYC; ONCOGENE MYC; Antibody obtained from  1:50 myelocyto- Myc proto-oncogene protein; Dako matosis PROTOONCOGENE viral oncogene HOMOLOGOUS TO homolog (avian) MYELOCYTOMATOSIS VIRUS; v- myc myelocytomatosis viral  oncogene homolog (avian);  v-myc avian myelocytomatosis  viral oncogene homolog; Avian  myelocytomatosis viral (v-myc)  onco S5073 cadherin 1, type 999 CDH1; Cadherin-1; Arc-1; ECAD; Antibody obtained from  1:100- 1, E-cadherin  CDHE; Uvomorulin; LCAM; Dako 1:150 (epithelial) Epithelial-cadherin precursor;  cell-CAM 120/80; CADHERIN, EPITHELIAL; calcium-dependent adhesion protein,   epithelial; cadherin 1, E-cadherin   (epithelial); cadherin 1, type 1   preproprotein; cadherin 1, S5074 glutathione S- 2950 GSTP1; DFN7; GSTP1-1; GST3; Antibody obtained from  1:50 transferase pi GSTPP; GST class-pi; glutathione Dako transferase; EC 2.5.1.18;  glutathione S-transferase pi; GST,  CLASS PI; deafness, X-linked 7; GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE 3; GLUTATHIONE S- TRANSFERASE, PI; FAEES3 GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE PI PSEUD S5075 tumor protein 7157 p53; TP53; TRP53; Antibody obtained from  1:50 p53 (Li-Fraumeni PHOSPHOPROTEIN P53; Dako syndrome) TRANSFORMATION-RELATED PROTEIN 53; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR P53; CELLULAR TUMOR ANTIGEN P53; tumor protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome) S5076 progesterone  5241 NR3C3; PR; PGR; PROGESTERONE Antibody obtained from  1:50 receptor RESISTANCE; PSEUDOCORPUS Dako LUTEUM INSUFFICIENCY PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR S5077 trefoil factor 7031 Antibody obtained from  1:50- 1 (breast   Dako 1:100 cancer,  estrogen-    inducible sequence expressed in) S5079 enolase 2,  2026 NSE; ENO2; 2-phospho-D-glycerate Antibody obtained from  1:400 (gamma,  hydro-lyase; ENOLASE, GAMMA; Dako neuronal) neurone-specific enolase; ENOLASE, NEURON-SPECIFIC; 2-phospho-D- glycerate hydrolyase; EC 4.2.1.11; Neural enolase; enolase-2, gamma, neuronal; neuron specific gamma enolase; enolase 2, (gamma, S5080 B-cell 596 BCL2; FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA; Antibody obtained from  1:50 CLL/lymphoma 2 APOPTOSIS REGULATOR BCL-2; Dako B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2; B-cell lymphoma protein 2 alpha; B-cell lymphoma protein 2 beta; ONCOGENE B-CELL LEUKEMIA 2 LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC LYMPHATIC, TYPE 2 S5081 retinoblastoma 1 5925 p105-Rb; PP110; Retinoblastoma-1; Antibody obtained from  1:20 (including RB; RB1; RETINOBLASTOMA- Dako osteosarcoma) ASSOCIATED PROTEIN; RB OSTEOSARCOMA, RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED; retinoblastoma 1 (including osteosarcoma) S5082 synaptophysin 6855 SYP; Synaptophysin; Major synaptic Antibody obtained from  1:50 vesicle protein P38 Dako S5083 BCL2-associated 581 BAX; BCL2-associated X protein; Antibody obtained from  1:500 X protein APOPTOSIS REGULATOR BAX, Dako MEMBRANE ISOFORM ALPHA S5086 estrogen   2100 ER-BETA; ESR-BETA; ESR2; Erb; Antibody obtained from  1:200 receptor ESRB; NR3A2; ESTROGEN Abcam 2 (ER beta) RECEPTOR, BETA; estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta) S5087 mucin 1, 4582 PEMT; MUC1; episialin; EMA; PUM;   Antibody obtained from  1:200- transmembrane H23AG; CD227; PEM; CARCINOMA- Zymed 1:1600 ASSOCIATED MUCIN; H23 antigen;  TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MUCIN; DF3 antigen; peanut-reactive urinary mucin; mucin 1, transmembrane; polymorphic epithelial mucin;  MUCIN 1, URINARY; MUCIN, TUMOR- ASSOCIATE S6001 estrogen   2099 ER; NR3A1; ESR1; Era; ESR; ER- Antibody obtained from  1:1 receptor 1 ALPHA; ESRA; ESTRADIOL US Labs RECEPTOR; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR, ALPHA; estrogen receptor 1 (alpha) S6002 progesterone  5241 NR3C3; PR; PGR; PROGESTERONE Antibody obtained from  1:1 receptor RESISTANCE; PSEUDOCORPUS US Labs LUTEUM INSUFFICIENCY PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR S6003 v-erb-b2 2064 HER-2; ERBB2; NGL; P185ERBB2; Antibody obtained from  1:1 erythroblastic HER2; C-ERBB-2; NEU; MLN 19; US Labs leukemia viral EC 2.7.1.112; TKR1 HERSTATIN; oncogene homolog NEU PROTO-ONCOGENE; 2, neuro/ ONCOGENE ERBB2; RECEPTOR glioblastoma PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE derived oncogene ERBB-2 PRECURSOR; ONCOGENE homolog (avian) NGL, NEUROBLASTOMA-OR GLIOBLASTOMA-DERIVED; TYROSINE KINASE-TYPE CELL S6004 B-cell 596 BCL2; FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA; Antibody obtained from  1:1 CLL/lymphoma 2 APOPTOSIS REGULATOR BCL-2; US Labs B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2; B-cell lymphoma protein 2 alpha; B-cell lymphoma protein 2 beta; ONCOGENE B-CELL LEUKEMIA 2 LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC LYMPHATIC, TYPE 2 S6005 keratin 5 3852 KRT5; EBS2; Keratin-5; K5; Antibody obtained from  1:1 (epidermolysis  CYTOKERATIN 5; CK 5; 58 KDA US Labs bullosa simplex, CYTOKERATIN; KERATIN, TYPE Dowling-Meara/ II CYTOSKELETAL 5; keratin 5 Kobner/Weber- (epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Cockayne types) Dowling-Meara/Kobner/Weber- Cockayne types) S6006 tumor protein   7157 p53; TP53; TRP53; Antibody obtained from  1:1 p53 (Li-Fraumeni  PHOSPHOPROTEIN P53; US Labs syndrome) TRANSFORMATION-RELATED PROTEIN 53; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR P53; CELLULAR TUMOR ANTIGEN P53; tumor protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome) S6007 KI67 n/a Antibody obtained from  1:1 US Labs S6008 epidermal growth 1956 S7; EGFR; 2.7.1.112; ERBB; Antibody obtained from  1:1 factor receptor ONCOGENE ERBB; ERBB1 US Labs (erythroblastic SPECIES ANTIGEN 7; V-ERB-B leukemia viral  AVIAN ERYTHROBLASTIC (v-erb-b)   LEUKEMIA VIRAL ONCOGENE oncogene HOMOLOG; epidermal growth factor homolog, avian) receptor (avian erythroblastic  leukemia viral (v-erb-b) oncogene homolog) S6011 enolase 2,  2026 NSE; ENO2; 2-phospho-D-glycerate Antibody obtained from  1:1 (gamma,  hydro-lyase; ENOLASE, GAMMA; US Labs neuronal) neurone-specific enolase; ENOLASE, NEURON-SPECIFIC; 2-phospho-D- glycerate hydrolyase; EC 4.2.1.11; Neural enolase; enolase-2, gamma, neuronal; neuron specific gamma enolase; enolase 2, (gamma, S6012 thyroid  7080 benign chorea; chorea, hereditary   Antibody obtained from   1:1 transcription benign; NK-2 (Drosophila) homolog A  US Labs factor 1 (thyroid nuclear factor); Thyroid transcription factor 1 (NK-2,  Drosophila, homolog of, A);  BCH; BHC; TEBP; TTF1;  NKX2A; TTF-1; NKX2.1 S6013 v-erb-b2 2064 HER-2; ERBB2; NGL; P185ERBB2;  Antibody obtained from  1:1 erythroblastic HER2; C-ERBB-2; NEU; MLN 19; US Labs leukemia viral EC 2.7.1.112; TKR1 HERSTATIN; oncogene homolog  NEU PROTO-ONCOGENE; 2, neuro/ ONCOGENE ERBB2; RECEPTOR glioblastoma PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE derived oncogene ERBB-2 PRECURSOR; ONCOGENE homolog (avian) NGL, NEUROBLASTOMA-OR GLIOBLASTOMA-DERIVED; TYROSINE KINASE-TYPE CELL

Other Embodiments

Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope of the invention being indicated by the following claims. 

1. A method comprising steps of: providing a cancer sample from a cancer patient, wherein the cancer patient has a type of cancer that responds to therapy with a taxane; detecting the presence of expression of TLE3 in the cancer sample; and selecting a taxane or taxane derivative for chemotherapy of the cancer patient when the TLE3 expression is present.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of selecting comprises selecting a taxane for chemotherapy.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the taxane is paclitaxel.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the taxane is docetaxel.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of detecting comprises steps of: providing a negative control sample; detecting a level of TLE3 expression in the negative control sample; detecting a level of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample; and comparing the level of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample with the level of TLE3 expression in the negative control sample.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of detecting comprises steps of: providing a positive control sample; detecting a level of TLE3 expression in the positive control sample; detecting a level of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample; and comparing the level of TLE3 expression in the cancer sample with the level of TLE3 expression in the positive control sample.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of detecting comprises contacting the cancer sample with an interaction partner that binds a TLE3 polypeptide.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of detecting comprises contacting the cancer sample with an interaction partner that binds a TLE3 polypeptide.
 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of detecting comprises contacting the cancer sample with an interaction partner that binds a TLE3 polypeptide.
 10. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of detecting comprises contacting the cancer sample with an interaction partner that binds a TLE3 polypeptide.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the interaction partner is an antibody.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the interaction partner is an antibody.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the interaction partner is an antibody.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the interaction partner is an antibody.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of detecting comprises contacting the cancer sample with one or more primers that hybridize with a TLE3 polynucleotide.
 16. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of detecting comprises contacting the cancer sample with one or more primers that hybridize with a TLE3 polynucleotide.
 17. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of detecting comprises contacting the cancer sample with one or more primers that hybridize with a TLE3 polynucleotide.
 18. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of detecting comprises contacting the cancer sample with one or more primers that hybridize with a TLE3 polynucleotide.
 19. The method of claim 1 further comprising administering the taxane or taxane derivative to the cancer patient.
 20. The method of claim 2 further comprising administering the taxane to the cancer patient.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the taxane is paclitaxel.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the taxane is docetaxel. 